at that time gentlemen of Queen Elizabeth's chapel, and also organists. They call themselves "serenissimæ majestati à privato sacello generosi et organisti." This work was published at a time when the performance of the church service in Latin was no longer permitted; and it has been, therefore, supposed that the anthems and hymns which it contains, and which are in that language, were composed by Tallis and Byrd for the use of Queen Mary's chapel, and at a time when they were of the Romish persuasion. After the accession of Elizabeth, however, Tallis appears to have embraced the reformed faith, for he set to music the parts of the English liturgy usually sung. He composed the morning, evening, and communion service, including the litany and responses, besides a great number of English anthems. These compositions in their style have never yet been surpassed in learning, gravity, and pure devotional expression; and many parts of them are still made use of in our cathedrals on the greatest and most solemn occasions. Tallis died on the 23rd November, 1585, and was buried in the parish church of Greenwich, Kent. He appears to have been of a serious and devout character, as his talents were wholly devoted to the service of the church.—E. F. R.
TALMA, Francis Joseph, a celebrated French tragic actor, was born at Paris on the 15th of January, 1763. His father, who was a dentist, trained him for the same profession, but the boy gave early indications of histrionic talent. Part of his early life was spent in England, and Lord Harcourt was among the first to encourage him to go upon the stage. He returned to Paris, made the acquaintance of some of the popular actors, and studied declamation under Molé and Dugazon. Nevertheless he still practised dentistry, to which profession an unfavourable verdict of some friends on his first trial as an actor had well nigh doomed him for life, when an actress named Samval encouraged him to make a debut at the Theatre Français. On the 21st November, 1787, he appeared in the character of Seide, and was completely successful. In less than two years he stood in the first rank of the actors of the day. In 1789 he achieved a great triumph in the performance of the leading character in Chenier's play of Charles IX., a piece deemed by the government of the day too exciting to be long kept on the stage. The political animosities which it aroused, led to a duel between Talma and a fellow actor, Naudet. Among the great tragedian's intimate friends was General Bonaparte, who on ascending the throne of France continued his regard for the actor. At the meeting of sovereigns at Erfurt, Napoleon insisted on the performance of "The Death of Cæsar," spite of Talma's remonstrances. The kings assembled in the pit dared not look at each other for fear of being thought guilty of an uncourtly implication, the actors were confused, and no one enjoyed the grim joke but the Corsican Cæsar himself. During the Reign of Terror Talma's life had been spared mainly on account of his popularity with the play-goers, yet after the fall of Robespierre he was accused of being a terrorist. He wrote a letter of adieu to Napoleon on his abdication, which touched the fallen conqueror all the more for the desertion of more powerful friends. Louis XVIII. befriended the actor no less than the emperor had done; and when Talma died on the 19th October, 1826, the mourning was more general and sincere than usually is witnessed on the death of an actor. His eulogy has been written by Madame de Staël, Chateaubriand, and others. He published in 1825 "Reflections on Le Kain and the Theatrical Art."—R. H.
TALMONT, A. Ph. de la Trémouille, Prince de, was the second son of the Duc de la Trémouille, the head of an ancient and powerful family in Poitou. When the Revolution broke out in France the young prince, who had hitherto led a dissolute life, resolved to give himself to great deeds, and joined the army of the emigrants on the Rhine in 1792. He then took refuge in England, but in 1793 returned to his native country, joined the royalist insurgents in La Vendee, and shared with indomitable resolution in the battles and privations of that memorable struggle. When the war was drawing to a close the prince, offended by the appointment of Fleuriot as commander of the royalists, as seeming to imply a doubt of his fidelity, quitted the army, and retired to Laval. But he was shortly after apprehended, and shot in the court of his own chateau.—J. T.
TAMBURINI, Pietro, author, born at Brescia in 1737, and died in Pavia in March, 1827. He was, in the course of his life, director of the studies of two colleges, censor of the press, and professor, sometimes active, sometimes emeritus; his peaceful career being affected by the political aspects of the day. His principal work, published anonymously, is entitled "Idea della Santa Sede," and elicited various replies in Rome and elsewhere. He wrote also "Introduzione alio Studio della Filosofia Morale;" "Lezioni di Filosofia Morale e di Naturale e Sociale Diritto;" "Elementa Juris Naturæ;" "Ceuni sulla Perfettibilità dell' Umana Famiglia."—C. G. R.
TAMERLANE. See Timur.
TANCRED, the crusader, is said to have been the son of Odo the Good and of Emma, daughter of Tancred of Hauteville, and sister of Robert Guiscard. He was born probably about 1078. Muratori (as quoted by Gibbon in a note) conjectures that he was an Italian, perhaps of the race of the marquises of Montferrat. On the proclamation of the first crusade by Urban II., Tancred assumed the cross, and accompanied his cousin Bohemund, son of Robert Guiscard, to the East. He was the last of Bohemund's companions to acknowledge the supremacy of the Greek emperor, Alexius Comnenus. At the siege of Nicæa, where, at the hazard of his life, he saved a number of the enemy from slaughter, Tancred distinguished himself by humanity as well as valour. After the battle of Ascalon, which his courage helped to gain, he was made Prince of Tiberias or Galilee. He died at Antioch in 1112. His character and career have been delineated with all sorts of fictitious embellishments by Tasso, in the Gerusalemme. He is a favourite of Gibbon, who says—"In the accomplished character of Tancred we discover all the virtues of a perfect knight, the true spirit of chivalry which inspired the generous sentiments and social offices of man, far better than the base philosophy, or the baser religion of the times."—F. E.
TANNAHILL, Robert, a well-known Scottish poet, was born at Paisley in 1774, and was the fourth son of a weaver of silk gauze in that town. His parents, who were much respected for their intelligence and worth, bestowed upon him a good education. On leaving school he was apprenticed to the weaving trade, which was then in a most prosperous state, and it was his custom while at work to compose verses, and jot them down on a sort of writing-desk attached to his loom. After the expiry of his apprenticeship he removed to the village of Lochwinnoch, where he carried on his employment for some time, along with Alexander Wilson the famous ornithologist. About the year 1800 Tannahill removed to England along with his younger brother, and spent two years in Bolton. News of their father's fatal illness brought them home, and the poet spent the remainder of his short life in his native town. In 1807 the first edition of his "Poems and Songs" appeared, and was very favourably received. But the celebrity which he thus obtained attracted a crowd of idle visitors, who frequently induced him to spend at the tavern the hours which should have been devoted to his employment, or to poetical composition. Though he was at no time addicted to liquor, yet these interruptions injured his feeble frame, wasted his time, and fretted his temper. His constitution showed symptoms of breaking up. He fell into a deep melancholy, which was aggravated by the refusal of Mr. Constable to purchase the second edition of his poems. He destroyed all his manuscript songs—nearly a hundred in number, and displayed such unequivocal symptoms of mental derangement that his relations were warned to provide for his safety. He contrived, however, during the night to elude their observation, and drowned himself in a pool in the vicinity of Paisley, 17th May, 1810, in the thirty-sixth year of his age. Tannahill's songs are characterized by simplicity, tenderness, and genuine pathos, and by the ease and sweetness of their versification. His "Jessie the Flower o' Dumblane," "The Braes o' Gleniffer," "Thou Bonnie Wood o' Craigie-lea," "The Braes of Balquhither," and one or two other lyrics have obtained a permanent place among the treasures of Scottish song. The last edition of his poems was published in 1851.—J. T.
TANNER, Thomas, an eminent literary antiquarian, was born on the 25th January, 1674, at Market-Lavington, Wiltshire, his father being vicar of the place. He entered Queen's college, Oxford, in November, 1689, and after taking his degree of B.A. he removed in January, 1694, to the college of All Souls, of which he was elected a fellow in November, 1696. His taste for antiquarian research was early developed. Bishop Gibson was his chosen friend from similarity of tastes; and Anthony à Wood, at his death in 1695, left his papers to Tanner's care. In 1695 he published his first work, "Notitia Monastica," or a short account of the religious houses in England and Wales,
