which has passed through three editions. The bishop of Norwich, Dr. Moore, made Tanner one of his chaplains, and in 1701 he married the daughter of his episcopal patron. The rectory of Thorpe was afterwards conferred upon him, and the chancellorship of the diocese. In 1713 he was presented to a stall in Ely cathedral, in 1721 he became archdeacon of Norfolk, and in 1723 a canon of Christ church, Oxford. In 1732 he was consecrated bishop of St. Asaph's, and, after a brief episcopate he died at Oxford, on the 14th December, 1735. Tanner's literary labours were all of one class, and they are all excellent. In 1721 he published in two volumes, folio, a new edition of Wood's Athenæ, with the addition of five hundred lives from Wood's papers. His principal work is his "Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica," &c., that is, memoirs of the principal English, Scotch, and Irish writers from the earliest period to the beginning of the seventeenth century. The work was the result of forty years' literary labour, and was published after its author's death in 1748, under the editorial care of Dr. Wilkins.—J. E.
TANSILLO, Luigi, poet, born at Venosa about 1510; died perhaps about 1584. "Il Vendemmiatore," a poem written in youth and published without his concurrence, outraged decency, and helped to place his name in the prohibitory index. To make amends, he composed a second poem on a sacred theme, "Le Lagrime di San Pietro," which made his peace with mother church. Other admired verses remain from his pen.—C. G. R.
TANUCCI, Bernardo, Marquis of, prime minister of the Neapolitan kingdom; born of poor parents at Stia in Tuscany, 1698; died 29th April, 1783. Having studied law in Pisa, he took part with Spain against Rome ou a question of prerogative, wrote a spirited pamphlet on the point at issue, and earned the favour of one party and the censure of the other. This incident formed the stepping-stone to future dignities.—C. G. R.
TAPLIN, William, a celebrated veterinary surgeon, to whose writings are to some extent due the improvements which have been made in veterinary surgery, and the rescue of the art from the gross ignorance and empiricism which characterized it up to the beginning of the present century. He was the author of "A Compendium of Practical and Experimental Farming," 8vo, Brentford, 1796; the "Gentleman's Stable Directory," 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1788-89; and the "Sportsman's Cabinet, or a correct delineation of the dogs used in the field," 2 vols. 4to, London, 1803-5. In this latter work he gives a systematic description of the different varieties of dogs, and appends a memoir on the distemper and on hydrophobia. He also published a treatise on thorn wounds, punctured tendons, and the treatment of lameness in horses. In his writings he shows himself a keen sportsman. In 1772 he published "Observations on the present state of Game in England," in which he proposed to diminish poaching by extending the privilege of legal sport, and thus to change the enemies of game into protectors. He was the author of many papers in the Sporting Magazine; amongst which are some descriptions of the royal chase in Windsor Forest, which have been highly praised. Two years before his death his faculties became impaired through domestic affliction. He died in Queen Street, Edgeware Road, in January, 1807.—F. C. W.
TARGIONI TOZZETTI, Giovanni, physician and naturalist, born in Florence in 1712; died in January, 1783. He has left various works, including a "Record of the Progress during Sixty Years of Physical Science in Tuscany;" "Observations on the Treatment of several Diseases;" and "Directions for the Recovery of Drowned Persons."—C. G. R.
TARIK, Ben Zeiad, a celebrated Arab chief, who led the first invasion of Spain by the Moors in 711. A portion of the Gothic inhabitants of that country strongly dissatisfied with the rule of Roderick their king, invited Mousa, then the caliph's lieutenant in Africa, to invade Spain. A considerable body of troops was accordingly sent to their assistance under the command of Tarik, who bequeathed the well-known name of Gibraltar (Gibel Tarik, or mountain of Tarik) to the place at which he landed. He soon after defeated Roderick in the battle of Guadelete, near Xeres, and conquered the greater part of the kingdom. Mousa, jealous of his success, deprived Tarik of his command, but he was speedily reinstated by the caliph. Though he ultimately triumphed over his rival, Tarik did not permanently retain his office, but died in obscurity.—J. T.
TARLTON, Richard, "was perhaps," says Gifford, "the most popular comic performer that ever trod the stage, and his memory was cherished with fond delight by the vulgar to the period of the Revolution." He was born, according to Fuller, at Condover in Shropshire, but precisely when is doubtful; he is known, however, as the author of a ballad printed as early as 1570. Tradition, as recorded by Fuller, says that he was "keeping his father's swine" when his wit delighted "a servant of Robert, earl of Leicester, passing that way," who brought him to court, where "he became the most famous jester to Queen Elizabeth." It is certain that at some time of his life he kept a tavern in London. As a clown, in days when that personage was prominent in dramatic entertainments—too prominent sometimes, in Shakspeare's opinion, as expressed in Hamlet's advice to the players—Tarlton was unrivalled, and allusions to him are frequent in Elizabethan literature. Gabriel Harvey has even a verb to "Tarletonize." Tarlton had been appointed one of the queen's players, and a groom of the chambers as early as 1583. He died in 1588, and was buried in St. Leonard's, Shoreditch. There is an account of what survives of his "extemporal drama," the "Seven Deadly Sins," and a collection of notes and notices respecting him, in the introduction to the reprint of "Tarlton's Jests," and of "Tarlton's News out of Purgatory," edited for the Shakspeare Society by Mr. J. O. Halliwell in 1844. "Tarlton's Jests," of which the earliest known edition was published in 1611, is a Joe Miller of those days, the compiler of which not only borrowed the famous clown's name for his title, but makes Tarlton the collector of many or most of the jokes in his volume.—F. E.
TARQUINIUS, Lucius, surnamed Priscus, the fifth king of Rome, reigned according to the legendary chronology from 616 b.c. to 578 b.c. He was of Greek extraction, being the son of Demaratus, one of the Corinthian Bacchiadæ, who had emigrated to Etruria after the overthrow of that family by Cypselus, and settled as a merchant at a town called Tarquinii. Demaratus acquired great wealth, and married an Etruscan woman, but was excluded by his foreign extraction from all political power. The same political disability attached to his son Lucumo, who resolved to leave Etruria and to settle in some country where he could live on an equality in this respect with the natives. Taking with him his wife Tanaquil and a large body of dependents, he set out for Rome, where he was received with open arms. It is said that as he descended the Janiculum an eagle darted down from the sky, seized his cap, and after bearing it upwards to the clouds, descended and replaced it on his head—an omen which Tanaquil interpreted as meaning that he would one day wear a crown. On his arrival at Rome he took the name of Lucius, being the Latin form of Lucumo, and the surname of Tarquinius from the Etrurian town where he was born. He soon won the esteem of both king and people, and on the death of Ancus he was unanimously raised to the throne. He constructed the vast Cloacæ which drain the lower parts of the city, laid out the forum, built a wall round the city, and began the construction of the capitol. In his reign the Ludi Romani Magni were originated. He was assassinated in 578 b.c. by the sons of Ancus, who hoped thereby to repossess themselves of the throne of their father.—D. M.
TARQUINIUS, Lucius, surnamed Superbus, son of Tarquinius Priscus, and the seventh and last king of Rome, reigned from 534 b.c. to 510 b.c. After murdering his father-in-law, Servius Tullius, he possessed himself of the throne with the aid of the patricians, and he immediately began to abrogate the laws by which Servius had secured the rights of the plebeians. When he found himself firm on the throne, he began also to oppress the patricians. In war Tarquinius was a successful leader. At the head of the Latin league he took Suessa Pometia, and he afterwards captured Gabii and founded among the Volsci the colonies of Signia and Circeii. At home he completed the temples of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva on the capitol, and deposited in the first of these the famous Sybilline books. The legend of his expulsion is well known. While he was engaged in the siege of Ardea, a dispute arose between his sons and Tarquinius Collatinus, their cousin, as to the virtue of their respective wives; and they agreed to make a sudden visit to each man's wife in order to settle the dispute. The wives of the Tarquinii were found engaged in a disgraceful revel; Lucretia, the wife of Collatinus, was discovered at Collatia spinning among her maidens. Passion as well as envy raged in the breast of Sextus Tarquinius, the son of the king, and he determined to obtain her by force. He executed his base design, but the whole Roman people rose against the Tarquins, and drove them in disgrace from
