on the United States" and one part of his "Miscellanies." Meanwhile public indignation was raised against the government. Their infamous measures were violently condemned both by the parliament and the country, the "cabal" was driven from office in disgrace, and the king sent for Temple and intrusted him with the office of negotiating a separate peace with Holland, which was concluded in three days. An attempt was soon after made to induce Temple to accept of the office of secretary of state; but knowing well how little reliance could be placed upon the king, he refused to take a post of so much responsibility, and accepted instead, the embassy to the Hague, in July, 1674. He was deputed to the congress of Nimeguen, held in 1675 under the mediation of England, for the purpose of putting an end to the war. In July, 1677, he was sent for to England and earnestly pressed by the king to accept the seals of secretary of state, but resolutely declined the offer. He took a principal part, however, in bringing about the marriage of the prince of Orange to the Princess Mary, the king's niece—an event which gave general satisfaction, and was fraught with momentous consequences. He soon after returned to his post, but was once more summoned to England in 1679, and entreated for the third time to take the office of secretary. But the parliament and the nation were in a state of great excitement, and the throne seemed tottering to its fall, and Temple, who dreaded responsibility and had no confidence in Charles, once more refused the greatness which was attempted to be thrust upon him. He recommended, however, as a remedy for existing evils, the dissolution of the existing privy council, and the formation of a new and enlarged council, consisting of the great officers of state, and of noblemen and gentlemen of large fortunes. The king adopted the recommendation, and nominated Temple himself, along with Lord William Russell and other leading whigs, members of the new council. But the scheme was not well devised, and the perfidy and levity of the king, and the ambition of his ministers, soon rendered it inoperative. In 1679 Temple was chosen member for the university of Cambridge; but apparently unwilling to commit himself to either party, he absented himself from the house during the violent contests respecting the exclusion bill, and on the dissolution of the parliament he retired from public life. He remained in strict retirement during the dark and disastrous period which followed, declaring that he would be a good subject, but that he had done with politics. After the Revolution he was frequently visited by William, who urged the veteran statesman to enter his service, but without effect. He consented, however, that his son should take the office of secretary at war, but within a week after his appointment the young man committed suicide, from vexation at the unfortunate result of some advice which he had given the king. On this blow Sir William retired to Moor Park, where he passed the remainder of his life, having taken Swift to live with him as an amanuensis. Stella, who was also an inmate of the family, has been by some supposed to have been a natural daughter of Temple. In this secluded spot he wrote his memoirs, published several miscellaneous treatises, and gave at times confidential advice to the king; and here he died in January, 1698, in his seventieth year. Temple was not a profound or original thinker or a great scholar. But he was an accomplished man of the world, sagacious, steady, and moderate, fond of security, comfort, repose, and leisure, rather than ambitious of high office and power. Burnet accuses him of holding irreligious opinions, and there can be no doubt that he was timid, cold-hearted, and selfish. His principal works are "Memoirs from 1672 to 1691;" "Remarks upon the State of the United Provinces;" "An Introduction to the History of England;" "Letters;" "Miscellanea," &c.—J. T.
* TENERANI, Pietro, Cavaliere, one of the most eminent living sculptors of Rome, was born towards the close of the last century at Torano, near Carrara. He learnt the rudiments of his art from a relative, and then went very young to Rome, where in 1814 he gained the Canova prize by a statue of the Risen Saviour. He studied under Thorwaldsen, who early foretold his future greatness. One of the first works (1819) which attracted general attention to the young sculptor was a "Pysche with Pandora's Box," a work of which he has made several replicas. Tenerani is a devoted adherent to the classic school, and many of his most celebrated works are statues of the ancient deities—Venus in every variety of position, Cupid, Flora, and the like; but he has also executed a large number of religious subjects for Italian churches, and several monumental and portrait statues and busts. Of the religious works are a "Descent from the Cross" in the church of St. John Lateran, and an "Angel of the Apocalypse" in that of Sta. Maria, Rome; a "Christ on the Cross" in St. Stephen's, Pisa; several Pietàs and statues of saints. His colossal monumental statues include Ferdinand II. at Messina; Ferdinand III. at Pisa; Von Orloff at St. Petersburg; Bolivar at Columbia, &c. His works are to be seen in most of the collections of modern sculpture in Europe, and some have gone to America. Queen Victoria possesses a Flora by him. Tenerani is professor in the Academy of St. Luke, Rome; and succeeded Thorwaldsen in 1844 as foreign member of the Institute of France (Académie des Beaux Arts). He was made a knight of St. Michael by Ludwig of Bavaria in 1842.—J. T—e.
TENIERS, David: the name of two celebrated Flemish genre painters. The elder was born at Antwerp in 1582, and was received into the painters' guild in 1606. He was married at Antwerp in 1608, and died there in 1649. His pictures are able, but somewhat coarse in execution.—His son and pupil, David, born also at Antwerp in 1610, was a much more able painter than the father, though he confined himself generally to much the same class of subjects; following also the steps of Brauwer—painting fairs, markets, merry-makings, beer-houses, guard-rooms, and other interiors, executed sometimes with wonderful precision and skill. His method of painting, however, varies; some of his pictures being painted solidly with a thick impaste, in others the colour is so thinly driven that the ground is barely covered. The younger Teniers was a rapid painter, and enjoyed the highest patronage; he was accordingly most successful in his career, and acquired a considerable fortune. He bought himself a country seat at the village of Perck, near Antwerp, where he kept a sort of court; his house being a constant resort of the people of rank and wealth of his time. He was court-painter to the Archduke Leopold William; and Don Juan of Austria was his pupil in painting. He was elected a member of the Antwerp guild in 1632-33; and in 1637 he married Anne, the daughter of Velvet Breughel, by whom he had five children; he had also a family by a second wife, to whom he was married in 1656. He died at Brussels in 1694, and was buried at Perck. The genuine pictures of Teniers are very numerous; but half the works attributed to him are certainly some by his father, and others by his clever scholars and imitators, such as David Ryckaert, Van Abshoven, Van Helmont, and others. There are also some clever etchings by Teniers. Good examples of the works of both father and son may be seen at Dulwich, and in the National gallery, London. Many of the finest works of the younger Teniers are in this country.—R. N. W.
TENISON, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, 29th September, 1636. His father had been a clergyman in the diocese of Ely, till ejected by the parliament. Tenison was educated at the grammar-school of Norwich, and entered Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, in 1653. He took his bachelor's degree in 1657, and was elected a fellow in 1662. About 1659 he was privately ordained, and at the Restoration he became minister of St. Andrew's church in Cambridge, and rector of Holywell in Huntingdonshire. He had also in 1674 conferred upon him the church of St. Peter Mancroft in Norwich, and in 1680 that of St. Martins-in-the-Fields, London. Tenison, a whig and a strenuous protestant, joined in the consultation of the bishops to resist the reading of the Declaration. King William made him archdeacon of London in 1689; in 1691 he became bishop of Lincoln, and in 1694 he succeeded Tillotson in the see of Canterbury. This exalted station he held for twenty years, and discharged its duties with integrity, dignity, and ability. He died on the 14th of December, 1715. Tenison was one of the ecclesiastical commission in 1689, and the examination of the liturgy was committed to him. At an earlier period he visited Monmouth in the Tower prior to his execution, and attended the deathbeds both of Mary and William. He was in 1695 one of the lords justices in absence of the king. Tenison's writings are neither numerous nor of any great literary value. Besides some sermons he published the "Creed of Hobbes Examined," "Baconiana," and Sir Thomas Brown's Tracts. His benevolence was great; though his talents were not brilliant. During the plague his pastoral labours at Cambridge called forth high eulogy, and during the intense and protracted frost of 1683 he gave away at least £300 to the poor in the parish of St. Martins. The same parish owes to his considerate generosity a school and a library.—J. E.
