ing in delineations which are characterized rather by the strength than by the delicacy of their colour; but which are certainly not deficient in comic vigour, and are moreover curious as indications of the morals and manners of the times. The French writer, De la Bruyere, has translated and imitated these characters of Theophrastus. The only other extant writings of Theophrastus are a treatise on Sensuous Perception and its objects, and treatises on plants and on stones. Theophrastus died 287 b.c., at the age probably of about eighty-seven. He complained on his deathbed of the shortness of his life, and lamented that he was hurried away just when he was beginning to discover the solution of the problems on which he had been working. The best editions of his works are by Schneider, 1818-21, and by Wimmer, 1854.—J. F. F.
THEOPHYLACT, Archbishop of Bulgaria, was a native of Constantinople, and after being a deacon in one of the churches there was raised to the see of Bulgaria, or of Aeris its chief city, about 1077. His office was rendered very uncomfortable by the barbarousness of the people, so that he tried to lay it down, but in vain. The year of his death, which was after 1112, is unknown. He wrote commentaries on almost all the books of the New Testament and on the minor prophets. These are chiefly compiled from Chrysostom, and possess much value. He is also the author of a treatise on the education of a prince. Seventy-five epistles, some homilies and orations, and other treatises also proceeded from his pen. The best edition of the whole is that of Bernard Maria de Rubeis, Venice, 1754-63.—S. D.
THEOPHYLACT, Simocatta, was a Locrian, who lived at Constantinople, and held various public offices under the Emperor Heraclius, 610-629. His principal work is a history of the reign of the Emperor Maurice, in eight books, from the death of Tiberius II. and the accession of Maurice, 582, to the murder of Maurice by Phocas, 602. During Phocas' reign the historian seems to have lived in retirement, busily engaged upon the composition of his work. After the tyrant's death he read in public the passage relating to Maurice's murder, and moved the people to tears. He died about 629. There is an epitome of the history by Photius. His other works are eighty-five letters, and questions in physics. All have not been published together. The history is best given in Bekker's Corpus Hist. Byzant., 1834, 8vo: the letters were incorporated in the Epistolæ Græcæ of Aldus, 1499. The "Questiones Physicæ" were published by Boissonade, 1835, 8vo.—S. D.
THEOPOMPUS, the historian, was born in Chios about 378 b.c. At an early age he was banished from the island along with his father, in consequence of political dissensions, and went to reside at Athens. Here he became a pupil of Isocrates, and soon was distinguished for his genius and eloquence. Through the favour of Alexander the Great he was allowed to return to Chios, 333 b c.; but after the death of his protector he was again driven into exile. His ultimate fate is unknown. The chief historical works of Theopompus were—A continuation of the History of Thucydides, in twelve books, embracing the period from 411 to 394 b.c.; a "History of the Reign of Philip of Macedon," 360 to 336 b.c. This latter treatise was composed on a most elaborate scale, extending to fifty-eight books, and comprising a mass of valuable information now lost to us. The works of Theopompus have unhappily perished; but we are enabled from the testimony of ancient authors, and from the fragments which remain, to form a fair judgment of their merits. He appears to have been a learned, honest, and laborious writer, but prejudiced, violent, and wanting in soundness of judgment. His style, though perhaps too rhetorical for history, is remarkable for its animation and eloquence.—G.
THEOTOCOPULI, Dominico, called el Greco (the Greek), was a distinguished painter, sculptor, and architect, settled at Toledo in 1577, where he died in 1625.—R. N. W.
THERAMENES, the Athenian, was in 411 b.c. one of the chief leaders of the aristocratic party among his countrymen. He became a member of the council of Four hundred, but foreseeing their speedy downfall organized a separate party, and on the ruin of his former allies acted as one of the accusers of his associate Antiphon. For some years afterwards he was engaged in foreign service, and was present at the battle of Cyzicus and the siege of Byzantium. He took part in the battle of Arginusæ, 406 b.c., and was among the first to excite the anger of the populace against their unfortunate generals. In the following year, on Lysander's besieging Athens, Theramenes was sent as envoy to him to arrange terms of peace; but after wasting three months in useless negotiations, he obtained leave to proceed to Sparta on the same errand. His embassy was of no avail, and he is accused of purposely hastening the fall of Athens by his delay. He was made one of the thirty tyrants in the ensuing year through the influence of Lysander, and took a prominent part in their earlier measures. Perceiving, however, that their domination was growing odious to the people, and that their tyranny was too cruel to be lasting, he interfered with a view of moderating their severity. But the majority of his colleagues, under the influence of his enemy Critias, caused him to be condemned to death as a traitor, contrary to the forms of law, 404 b.c. Such is the account of Theramenes generally given by modern historians; but it should not be forgotten that the ancient authorities are almost unanimous in praising him. By Xenophon, Diodorus, and Cicero he is extolled as a model of patriotism; and when Julius Cæsar wished to pay the highest compliment to the great Roman orator, he compared him to Theramenes.—G.
* THESIGER, Frederic, first Baron Chelmsford, sometime Lord-chancellor of England, is the youngest and only surviving son of Charles Thesiger, Esq., collector of customs in the island of St. Vincent, and nephew of the Sir Frederic Thesiger who was aid-de-camp to Nelson at the bombardment of Copenhagen. Born in London in July, 1794, in 1803 he entered the navy as midshipman of the Cambrian frigate, and served on board of her at the bombardment of Copenhagen. On becoming the only surviving son of his father he quitted the navy; but he studied for the bar after the destruction of his paternal property by the eruption in 1812 of the volcanic mountain, the Souffrière, in the island of St. Vincent. Called to the bar at Gray's inn in 1818, he went the home circuit, of which he rose to be the leader. In 1834 during the chancellorship of Lord Lyndhurst, he was made a king's counsel, and in 1840 entered the house of commons on conservative principles, as member for Woodstock. In 1844 he exchanged the representation of Woodstock for that of Abingdon, was knighted and appointed solicitor-general in Sir Robert Peel's second ministry; in 1845 he became attorney-general until the fall of the Peel administration. He represented Stamford from 1852 to 1858, when he was raised to the peerage and made lord chancellor, holding the office during Lord Derby's second administration from February, 1858, to June, 1859. Among the causes celèbres in which, as Sir Frederic Thesiger, he was engaged as leading counsel were the will-case of the late duchess of Manchester, the Provis forgeries, the trial of Dr. Newman for a libel on Achilli, the great Shrewsbury case, and that of Mrs. Swinfen, who brought an action against him unsuccessfully after he had become lord chancellor, for having, in the exercise of his professional discretion, compromised her claims to her estates. Towards the close of his house of commons career the conduct of the opposition to the emancipation of the Jews was intrusted to him. In 1822 Lord Chelmsford married a daughter of William Tinling, Esq., of Southampton.—F. E.
THESPIS, the supposed inventor of Greek tragedy, was a native of Icarius, a division of Attica, and lived about the beginning of the sixth century b.c. He is said to have introduced an actor in the rites of Bacchus for the purpose of resting the chorus, and thus to have formed the foundation of tragic dialogue. Horace's story of his having carried about plays in a waggon seems to be without foundation, according to the modern accounts of the origin of tragedy.—D. M.
THESSALUS, a physician, one of the Asclepiadæ, the son of Hippocrates and brother of Draco. He had a son named Hippocrates. Some of the Hippocratic treatises, as Κατ᾽ ἰητρεῖον and Περὶ χυμῶν have been attributed to Thessalus.—F. C. W.
THESSALUS, a celebrated quack, one of the sect of the Methodici founded by Themison, was a native of Tralles in Asia Minor. He lived in the reign of the Emperor Nero. His birth was mean, and he had all the ignorance, impudence, and vanity requisite for the calling of a charlatan. He assumed the title of ἰατρονίκης, or Vanquisher of Physicians, and had it inscribed on his tomb in the Appian Way. Pliny has left an account of the crowds he used to attract. He professed to make his pupils proficients in medicine in six months, during which time he took them to visit his patients, and at its termination conferred on them the right to practise on their own account. Wherever he went he was followed by numbers of gaping admirers. Galen and Pliny have stigmatized his insolence and vanity. Of his writings only the names and a few passages remain.—F. C. W.
