THEVENOT, John, a traveller, was born at Paris in 1633. He was educated with great care and at an early age contracted a taste for reading books of travel, which led ultimately to his becoming a traveller himself. He first visited England, Holland, Germany, and Italy; and in the latter country witnessed the solemnities at the installation of Alexander VII. His curiosity being rather whetted than satisfied by this partial view of foreign countries, he began to long to see others. While at Rome he had made the acquaintance of d'Herbelot the oriental traveller, and the result of their conversation was that Thevenot set out for the East about the close of 1655. He remained in Constantinople for nearly a year, then travelling through Brusa and Smyrna, and visiting Chio, Samos, and Rhodes, he arrived at Alexandria. From thence he proceeded to Cairo, where he remained for two years, making two excursions during that period; one to Suez, and the other to Jerusalem. He arrived at Leghorn in April, 1659, and revisited Paris. The first volume of his travels was then published, but before it had passed through the press, he had again left Marseilles to pursue his researches in the East. Arriving at Alexandria early in 1664, he sailed to Sidon, and afterwards visited Damascus. After staying a short time at Aleppo, he descended the Tigris to Bagdad, and from that place travelled to Ispahan. He died of fever on his way from Ispahan to Tabriz, November 28, 1667. His Persian travels were published in 1674, and his Indian travels ten years later. An English translation of his works appeared in 1687.—W. J. P.
THEVENOT, Melchisedec, librarian to the king of France, born at Paris about the year 1620. According to the brief autobiography prefixed to the catalogue of his library, his family seems to have been wealthy and well connected. His studies were barely finished, when a taste for travelling began to develop itself. This taste he was able to gratify, but his travels never extended further than Europe. While still young he was sent as king's envoy to Geneva, and in 1652 was despatched to Rome, where he assisted at the conclave which elected Alexander VII. He afterwards attended Mazarin in the campaign of Flanders in 1655, and on his return to Paris devoted himself entirely to study. Before long all the principal meetings of scientific men were held at his house; but Thevenot, finding that his income would not allow him to indulge in these expenses, consulted with his friends, and amongst them they originated the Academy of Sciences, which was instituted in 1666. At first the intention of this association was to form a public and permanent society of scientific men, setting apart certain days in each week on which different departments of philosophy, science, and literature were to be discussed. This plan, however, was broken through; the historical class was abandoned, as it was found that its inquiries might lead to dangerous discussions; and the Académie Française instituted by Richelieu remonstrated against the formation of another literary academy, consequently the Academy of Sciences of Colbert was the only part of the original design carried out. In 1659 Thevenot invented an air-level, and published his travels in four volumes, 1662-72. He was appointed king's librarian in 1684, resigned the office after the death of Louvois, and died in 1692.—W. J. P.
THIBAUT, Count of Champagne, and King of Navarre, was born about the beginning of 1201. By some writers he is called Theobaldus Posthumus, his father having died before his birth. His mother, Blanche, daughter of Sancho the Wise, king of Navarre, acted as regent, and governed his extensive dominions for twenty years. In 1221 he took the management of his own domain, by which he became Count Palatine, and the most powerful vassal of the crown. On the death of Sancho the Strong, in 1234, he succeeded to the throne of Navarre, and in 1239 set out as one of a band of crusaders for the Holy Land. He displayed no talents as a general. Being unable to obtain ships, he was obliged to march with his forces through Hungary and Thrace. When they arrived at Byzantium the treasure was so far exhausted that the troops were compelled to support themselves by plunder. Near Cæsarea the division of the army under Thibaut's immediate command was beaten; and having afterwards got involved in the defiles of Taurus, he lost two-thirds of his men. He was again utterly defeated at Ascalon, and, returning to Pampeluna, died in 1253. Thibaut was one of the earliest troubadours. The poems attributed to him are sixty-six in number. The versification is correct and sweet, but they have little passion or enthusiasm.—W. J. P.
THIBAUT, Anton Friedrich Justus, a distinguished German jurist, was born at Hameln, 4th January, 1774. He studied the law at Göttingen, Königsberg, and Kiel, in which latter university he obtained a chair in 1799. In 1802 he was translated to Jena, and in 1805 to Heidelberg, where till his death, on the 28th March, 1840, he was esteemed a most efficient teacher. Among his numerous works his "System des Pandektenrechts," Jena, 1803, 2 vols., takes highest rank. When after the overthrow of the Napoleonic empire Germany was being politically reconstructed, Thibaut energetically called for a common code of civil law for the whole confederation, but he was unfortunately opposed by Savigny. Thibaut was also a connoisseur in music, and in his work "Über Reinheit der Tonkunst," proved an intelligent and enthusiastic admirer of Palestrina.—K. E.
THIELE, Johann Alexander, a celebrated German painter, was born at Erfurt, Saxony, in 1685. He was originally a common soldier, but he is said to have received some lessons in landscape painting from Christoph Agricola. In the main, however, he taught himself by painting sedulously from nature the scenery of the Saal and the Elbe. His landscapes became very popular, and he was appointed court painter to Augustus, last king of Poland and elector of Saxony. His pictures are pleasing in subject, carefully painted, and true to nature, but they are poor and heavy in colour. He died at Dresden in 1725. The Dresden gallery has forty-six of Thiele's paintings. There are several etchings of the scenery of Saxony by him.—J. T—e.
THIERRI I. or THEODORIC, King of Ostrasia, was the son of Clovis, king of France. On the death of the latter monarch in 511 his kingdom, like a personal estate, was divided among his four sons. Childebert had Paris; Clodomir, Orleans; Clotaire, Soissons; and Thierri, Metz, with their respective territories. Metz, Ostrasia, or East France (Oster-reich), was the province adjacent to the Rhine. The reign of Thierri, remarkable for little but the crime and disorder which characterized the epoch of the Merovingian dynasty, lasted until 534.—J. J.
THIERRI II. was the son of Childebert II., king of Burgundy and Ostrasia, who died 596. Thierri succeeded his father in the kingdom of Burgundy, while his brother Theodebert received Ostrasia. But the disputed possession of Alsace led to a war between the two, in which Theodebert, after having been defeated at Tolbiac in 612, was beheaded by order of his victorious brother. Thierri died in the subsequent year, 613.—J. J.
THIERRI III. was the son of Clovis II., king of Neustria and Burgundy, and succeeded to the royal dignity in 673. The right of succession subsequently called him to the united throne of the triple kingdom (Neustria, Burgundy, Ostrasia) in 678; but by this time the "mayors of the palace" had begun to acquire ascendancy, and the royal rank was only a barren honour. The "sluggard kings," as they are termed, were ciphers and nothing more. (See Pepin.)—J. J.
THIERRI IV. reigned only in name from 720 to 737. Charles Martel in reality exercised the chief authority of the state.—J. J.
THIERRY, Amédée Simon-Dominique, the younger brother of the celebrated historian, was born at Blois on the 2nd of August, 1797. Professor, in the first instance, of history at Besançon, he became, after the revolution of 1830, prefect of the department of Haute-Saône, and in 1831 was elected a member of the Academie des Sciences. He held official posts both under Louis Philippe and the second empire. The historical works of Amédée Thierry are highly interesting and important. We give their names in chronological order—"Histoire de la Gaule sous la domination Romaine," 1826; "Resumé de l'Histoire de la Guienne," 1828; "Histoire d'Attila, de ses fils et de ses successeurs en Europe," 1856; "Histoire des Gaulois, depuis des temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la soumission de la Gaule," 1857. Besides rendering literary assistance to his brother, he contributed to the Revue des deux Mondes. He died in 1873.—J. J.
THIERRY de Niem, was born in Westphalia in the fourteenth century; was attached to the court of Rome under six popes, during a period of thirty-seven years. He died in 1416. He was the author of "De Schismate libri iii ," folio, 1532; "De Potestate Pontificis atque Imperatoris;" "Monarchia S. Romani imperii;" and of various other works.—D. W. R.
THIERRY (Jacques Nicolas) Augustin, one of the founders of the modern school of French history, was born at Blois on the 10th of May, 1795, of a family in indifferent circumstances. He studied with distinction at the college of his native place, and after having entered the ecole Normale in 1811, was appointed to a provincial professorship in 1813. In 1814
