of the different philosophical systems, but also in his thorough knowledge of ancient and modern literatures. He published a number of valuable works, e.g.—"Researches on the Origin of Languages," Riga, 1772; "System der Stoischen Philosophie," 1776, 3 vols.; "Untersuchungen über den Menschen," 1778, 3 vols.; and "Griechenland's Erste Philosophen," 1780. His opus magnum, however, is his "Geist der Speculativen Philosophie," Marburg, 1791-96, 6 vols., an admirably clear and complete history of philosophy from Thales to Berkeley. Unprejudiced by a system of his own (for himself he was a follower of Wolff and Locke, and opposed to Kant), he displayed great ingenuity in expounding the systems of others, and in this respect excels both Brucker and Tennemann. Tiedemann died at Marburg, 24th September, 1803.—K. E.
TIEDEMANN, Frederic, a distinguished anatomist and physiologist, was the son of Professor Dietrich Tiedemann. Frederic Tiedemann was born on 25th August, 1781, at Cassel. He received his education at Marburg, and afterwards studied at the hospitals of Bamburg and Wurtzburg. He took his degree at Marburg in 1804, and soon after became one of the private teachers of that university. In the autumn of 1805, at the recommendation of Sömmering, he obtained the professorship of zoology and anatomy at the university of Landshut. Whilst holding this professorship, he published many of those observations and memoirs which have given him his high position amongst men of science. In 1808 he brought out the first volume of his work on Zoology, the concluding volume of which appeared in 1810. In 1809 he published a memoir on the anatomy of the heart in Fishes; in 1811 one on the anatomy of the flying Lizard; and in the same year he obtained a prize offered by the Institute of France for the best essay on the structure and relations of the Radiata. He visited the coast of the Adriatic in order to make observations for this last-named work, which was published in 1820. In 1813 appeared his essay on anencephalous monsters. In 1816 Tiedemann was called to Heidelberg as professor of zoology, anatomy, and physiology. Here he obtained the highest success as a teacher, and his has been one of the great names which have rendered that university famous. In 1822 he produced his "Tabulæ Arteriarum Corporis Humani," perhaps the most valuable contribution to descriptive anatomy which appeared in the first part of the present century; and about the same time he also published some plates of the uterine nerves. In the previous year had appeared his "Icones Cerebri Simiarum," the forerunner of another memoir on the same subject, published in 1836 in the Philosophical Transactions. In 1830 he commenced the "Physiology of Man," a work which he completed in 1836. Several other memoirs and treatises on physiological and anatomical subjects were produced during his professorship at Heidelberg. In conjunction with Professor Gmelin he prosecuted the well-known researches on digestion; and in addition to all his other labours, he shared with L. C. Treviranus the editorship of five volumes of the Zeitschrift für Physiologie. In consequence of domestic misfortune and illness, Tiedemann late in life left Heidelberg. His son had been shot by the grand ducal government for taking part in the revolutionary movement in 1849—a cruel return for the services the father had rendered to the state during his thirty-three years' professorship in the university. Tiedemann retired to Frankfort-on-the-Maine, where he still occupied himself with his scientific and literary pursuits. On 10th March, 1854, he celebrated his doctor's jubilee, the university of Marburg renewing his diploma. He subsequently removed with his son-in-law, Professor Bischoff, to Munich. On May 30, 1857, he kept his "golden marriage," his wife and he having lived together for fifty years. He died on January 22, 1861, aged seventy-nine years and six months.—F. C. W.
TIEDGE, Christoph August, a distinguished German poet, was born at Gardelegen, 14th December, 1752. He was entered at the university of Halle, as a student of law; but he some time after abandoned this career, and became domestic tutor at Halberstadt, where he formed acquaintances with Gleim and his literary friends, and with the celebrated Frau Elisa von der Recke. To the latter he soon became allied by the noblest and purest ties of friendship. He accompanied her on her travels, and then settled with her at Dresden, where she died in 1833. Tiedge followed her into the grave, 8th March, 1841. His literary fame rests on his "Urania," a didactic poem of the highest moral purpose, the lyric portions of which have been set to music by Himmel. He also published "Poetic Epistles," "Historical Tales," and a "Life of Anna Charlotte Dorothea, Duchess of Courland, sister to Frau von der Recke." "Complete Works," edited by Eberhard, Halle, 8 vols.; "Life and Remains," edited by Falkenstein, Leipsic, 4 vols.—(See Eberhard Blicke in Tiedge's und Elisa's Leben, 1844.)—K. E.
TIEPOLO, Giovanni Battista, born at Venice in 1693, was an imitator of Paul Veronese, and acquired a great reputation as a fresco painter. Tiepolo's colouring is remarkably brilliant, but his execution is mannered and slight, his colouring, in his oil pictures especially, being broken and spotty by his habit of closely contrasting opposed tints. He spent the last eight years of his life in Spain, in the service of Charles III., and died at Madrid in 1769.—R. N. W.
TIERNEY, George, a distinguished statesman, was born in 1761 at Gibraltar, where his father, who was a native of Limerick, held the office of prize agent. Young Tierney was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and was originally intended for the bar; but after the successive deaths of his three elder brothers, whose shares of their father's property he inherited, he resolved to devote himself to public life. He was first elected for Colchester, after an expensive contest. In 1796 he became member for Southwark. On entering the house of commons he immediately connected himself with the whig opposition, and by his courage, assiduous attention to business, and debating powers, rendered himself a very formidable antagonist to the ministry. During the debate on the bill for suspending seamen's protections, Mr. Pitt so far forgot what was due to the representatives of the people and to himself, as to throw out most unwarrantable insinuations against Mr. Tierney's motives. A duel was the consequence between the haughty minister and his antagonist, in which, fortunately, neither was wounded. When Pitt retired from office in 1803, Tierney was appointed treasurer of the navy by Addington; but he again took his seat on the opposition benches on the return of Mr. Pitt to his former position at the head of the government. On the death of Mr. Fox in 1806, Mr. Tierney was appointed president of the board of control, but he resigned that office on the dismissal of the administration in 1807. During the succeeding nineteen years Mr. Tierney acted generally with the opposition, though on one or two occasions he disapproved of their policy. He took a prominent part in the discussion of questions of finance and economy, criticising with great severity the financial measures of the government, and striving, though generally without effect, to diminish the lavish expenditure of the country. He supported the various proposals of parliamentary reform which were brought forward from time to time, condemned the employment of spies and informers, the extravagance of the civil list, the additional allowances made to the royal dukes on the occasion of their marriages, and the proceedings against Queen Caroline. When Mr. Canning became premier, and obtained the support of many of the leading whigs, Mr. Tierney was appointed master of the mint, and continued to hold this office until the breaking up of Lord Goderich's administration. He died in 1830, As a speaker, Mr. Tierney was exceedingly original. "From the moment he opened his mouth till he sat down, the attention of his hearers never flagged for one moment. In a style which never rose above the colloquial, the most cutting sarcasms, level to the most ordinary understanding, escaped from him as if he were himself unaware of their terrible effect. His sneer was withering. Of all the speakers, contemporaries of Mr. Tierney, no one was so much dreaded as he was. His irony was inimitable. His manner and intonation added greatly to the effect of what he said. It was the conversation of a shrewd sagacious man of the world, who delivered his observations on the subject under discussion with an apparent candour, which contrasted singularly with the knowing tone and look of the speaker."—J. T.
TIGELLINUS, Sophronius, the minister and favourite of Nero, has preserved a place in history by his extraordinary and energetic wickedness. He was the son of a poor man, a native of Agrigentum, and owed his rise to his handsome person and his unscrupulous character. He was banished by Caligula, a.d. 39, for an intrigue with Agrippina; but he was soon recalled, became a favourite at the court of Nero, and on the death of the virtuous Burrhus, was appointed prætorian prefect along with Fenius Rufus. He gained the confidence of the emperor by ministering to his worst passions; inflamed his jealousy and his avarice against the best members of the senate; and had a
