General Leclerc, with orders to reduce the island to submission. Toussaint and his followers resisted the invaders for a time with valour and skill, but being overpowered by numbers, they were gradually driven out of all their principal positions. Some of Toussaint's principal officers also deserted him, seduced by the flattering and insidious promises of the French general, and were followed by the great mass of the negro population. The intrepid chief thus left almost alone was at last obliged to submit, and retired to a farm in the interior, leaving the French acknowledged masters of the island. But in compliance with the orders of Bonaparte, Toussaint, while residing peaceably at his home, was treacherously arrested, and along with his wife and family carried at midnight on board the Hero man-of-war and conveyed to France. On his arrival at Brest, June, 1802, he was separated from his family, and confined in a dungeon in the castle of Joux among the Jura mountains, where he was treated with great severity. After an imprisonment of ten months, Toussaint was found dead in his dungeon on the 27th of April, 1803; but the manner of his death is enveloped in mystery. The inhuman and dastardly treatment of this heroic chief is one of the blackest crimes perpetrated by Napoleon.—J. T.
TOWERS, Joseph, an able writer on political and miscellaneous subjects, was the son of a dealer in second-hand books, and was born in Southwark in 1737. He acquired a taste for reading at a very early age, but he never received any regular education. He was employed at the age of twelve as an errand-boy by a stationer in the Royal Exchange, and subsequently served his apprenticeship to a printer in Sherborne, Dorsetshire. He afterwards returned to London, and gained his living as a journeyman printer and as a bookseller. He had by this time attained to a general acquaintance with the best classical authors, by perseveringly studying the languages in which they wrote. In 1763 he published "A Review of the General Doctrines of Christianity," in which he assigned his reasons for renouncing Calvinism. In 1764 he wrote a pamphlet on libels, apropos of Wilkes' political disputes then prevailing. In the following year he began a series of biographies, the first volume of which appeared in 1766, under the title of "British Biography." It was continued by him to the end of the seventh volume, the remaining three being written by another hand. In 1774 he was ordained as a dissenting minister, and preached for some time at Highgate and at Newington Green. He wrote several biographies for Dr. Kippis' Biographia Britannica, and published from time to time a number of pamphlets, the chief of which were collected in 1796, and appeared in 3 vols. In 1779 he received the degree of LL.D. from the university of Edinburgh. He died in 1795.—F.
TOWNLEY, Charles, the collector of the "Townley marbles," was born in 1737 at his ancestral seat of Townley, in Lancashire, of which he became possessor by the death of his father in 1741. Belonging to an old Roman catholic family, ever distinguished by its loyalty to the Stewarts, he was educated at Douay. After spending some time at Paris, where he entered society under the auspices of his uncle, noticed below, he took up his residence at Townley. About 1765 he removed to Rome, where his Jacobite connections procured him admission into the highest ecclesiastical circles. He remained there several years, intimate with Winkelmann and with Sir William Hamilton, and diligently collecting works and remains of antique art. In 1772 he settled in London, and arranged his collections, on which he had spent large sums of money, in a house in Park Street, Westminster. He died in 1805. His marbles and terra cottas were bought after his death for the British museum, where they now are, at the price of £20,000. In 1814, the remainder of his antiquities were purchased by the government for £8200, and deposited in the same establishment. Profuse in his expenditure on art purchases, and a generous landlord, he is said to have been personally frugal. There is a memoir of him in volume iii. of Nichols' Literary Illustrations.—F. E.
TOWNLEY, James, who combined the rarely associated merits of being a sound divine, a respectable schoolmaster, and a witty dramatist, was the second son of a merchant in London, where he was born in 1714. He was educated at Merchant Tailors' school, and St. John's college, Oxford. After taking orders he was elected preacher at Lincoln's inn chapel, and rapidly obtained other preferments in the church. In 1759 he was appointed head-master of Merchant Tailors' school, which post he filled until his death, July 15, 1778. He was the intimate friend of Garrick and Hogarth, assisting the former greatly in writing his plays, and the latter in composing his Analysis of Beauty. Of one celebrated farce, "High life below stairs," Townley was the sole author, a fact which long remained concealed. Two other farces written by him, "False Concord" and "The Tutor," had no success, and have long been forgotten. His fine compliment to Garrick on his departure for Italy ought not to be forgotten.—(See Biographia Dramatica.)—R. H.
TOWNLEY, John, the translator of Hudibras into French, uncle of Charles Townley, was born in 1697, and first studied law under Salkeld. He adopted, however, the career of arms, and entering the French service, distinguished himself at the siege of Philipsburg, and was made a chevalier of St. Louis. He settled in Paris, and mixed much in its literary circles. Voltaire remarking in a company where he was present on the impossibility of transfusing into French the peculiar wit of Hudibras, led him, it is said, to attempt a version of a few passages; and these being praised, he translated the whole work into French rhyme. His translation, very faithful as well as spirited, is a remarkable one, and ranks among the genuine curiosities of literature. It was published at Paris (with the imprint of London) in 3 vols., in 1757, the French version and the original English being printed in parallel passages. Townley died in 1782. According to Quérard, there is a biographical notice of him prefixed to the new edition of the translation of Hudibras, published at Paris in 1820.—F. E.
TOWNSHEND, Charles, second Viscount Townshend, was born in 1676. According to Lord Macaulay, Townshend and Sir Robert Walpole were distant kinsmen, friends from childhood, and school-fellows at Eton. He was a boy when he succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father; and when he took his seat on attaining his majority, he spoke and voted with the tories, whom he soon left to attach himself to Lord Somers and the whigs. Lord Macaulay notes it as a proof of the general estimate of his integrity, that Townshend was never accused of having quitted the tory party from Interested motives. He soon attained political distinction, and among the high employments which he discharged during the reign of Anne, and before the decisive triumph of Harley and the tories, was that of ambassador in 1709 to the States-general, with whom he negotiated the famous Barrier treaty. With the accession of George I. the whigs recovered from their eclipse, and Townshend was at once appointed to succeed Bolingbroke as secretary of state, and in point of fact he became prime minister, with his brother-in-law, Walpole, under him. In 1716 Townshend was dismissed by the king, with whom he differed on various points, and after a brief reconciliation went with Walpole into opposition; but in 1721 a new ministry was formed, in which Townshend was once more secretary of state, but Walpole as first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, was generally regarded as prime minister. Townshend's first wife had been the sister of the duke of Newcastle, his second had been—for she died before the rupture—the sister of Walpole. Townshend quarreled with Newcastle, who was appointed secretary of state in 1724, and at last he quarreled with Walpole, who was resolved, to use his own metaphor, that the firm should be not Townshend and Walpole, but Walpole and Townshend. Though an honourable and even an amiable man, Townshend was stubborn and passionate, and Walpole himself was given to plain-speaking. At a meeting at Colonel Selwyn's (the father of George, the wit) the two ministers and brothers-in-law had a violent altercation, which came even to seizing of collars and grasping of swords, and is said to have given the hint for the quarrel-scene between Peachem and Lockit in the Beggar's Opera. Soon afterwards Townshend resigned, and retired to his pictures and fields at Rainham, where, according to Lord Stanhope, he first introduced the turnip from Germany. He refused ever afterwards, with a conscientiousness rare in that age, to take any part in politics, saying that he could not trust his temper. He feared that the recollection of his private wrongs might impel him to follow the example of Pulteney, and to oppose measures which he thought generally beneficial to the country. Lord Stanhope says of him—"As a minister it may truly be asserted that none ever entered Downing Street with a more honest heart, or left it with cleaner hands." He died in June, 1738.—F. E.
TOWNSHEND, Charles, chancellor of the exchequer in Chatham's last administration, second son of the third Viscount Townshend, and grandson of the preceding, was born in 1725.
