and traitorous relations with France. Trevor was turned out of the cabinet for opposing the policy of the duke of York; and it ought also to be mentioned to his honour, that he endeavoured to moderate the persecution of the nonconformists, which was carried on by means of the conventicle acts. But neither he nor any other of the men whose concern was for the honour and welfare of the nation, had more than the more show of power. "It was remarked," says Hume, "that the committee of council established for foreign affairs was entirely changed; and that Prince Rupert, the duke of Ormond, Secretary Trevor, and Lord-keeper Bridgeman, men in whose honour the nation had great confidence, were never called to any deliberation." Sir William Temple, who, after his return to England, was also kept out of the traitorous circle, and who was alarmed and indignant at the portentous change in the policy of the court and its minions, found Trevor of the same mind with himself, but unable to interpose any check or hindrance, being, as Sir William terms it, "merely in the skirts of business."
TREVOR, Sir John, an eminent English lawyer, was born in 1633. He was a relative and favourite of Lord Chief-justice Jefferies, by whose influence he was appointed a king's counsel. He became solicitor-general in the reign of Charles II.; master of the rolls under James II., in 1685; and in May of the same year speaker of the house of commons. He held the last-named office also in the parliament summoned upon the dissolution of the convention parliament by William III., and obtained the confidence of that monarch. He undertook, according to Burnet, to manage the tory party, of which he was a member, "provided he was furnished with such sums of money as might purchase some votes; and by him began the practice of buying off men, in which hitherto the king had kept stricter rule." Trevor was subsequently convicted by the house of commons, of which he was speaker, of receiving a bribe of one thousand guineas from the city of London, for the support of a measure in which the corporation was interested; and having put to the house the question in his official capacity as regards their opinion of his crime, was pronounced thereupon guilty, and was thenceforth expelled the house of commons. He retained, however, his post as master of the rolls. He died May 20, 1717.—F.
TREW, Christopher James, a German botanist and anatomist, was born at Lauffen, near Nürnberg, on 29th April, 1695, and died at Nürnberg on 18th June, 1769. He studied botany and pharmacy with his father, who was an apothecary, and he subsequently attended medical lectures at Altdorf, where he graduated in 1716. He travelled extensively in Europe, and then settled as a physician at Nürnberg. He attained high eminence as a medical man, and he became physician-in-ordinary and counsellor to the court, and physician to the emperor. He was a member, and subsequently president of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum. Among his published works are the following—"On the Peculiarities of the Fœtus;" "On Human Osteology;" "Select Plants," a splendid work with figures; "Botanical Characters of the Cedar and other Pines." A genus of plants has been named Trewia after him.—J. H. B.
TRIBOLO, Nicolo, a celebrated Italian sculptor, was born at Florence about 1485, or, according to Vasari, in 1500. He was the son of a carpenter named Raphael de' Pericoli, and was called Tribolo when a boy at school on account of his troublesome ways. He at first worked with his father, was then placed with a wood-carver, and ultimately with the sculptor Sansovino. Under Sansovino he made great progress, and became his assistant in some of his more important works. Tribolo's first considerable commission on his own account, was for some rilievi and two statues of Sibyls for the church of S. Petronio at Bologna. Returning to Florence, he, by the addition of a figure of Nature with numerous children playing about her, converted an antique basin into a fountain for Fontainebleau. His next work was of a less honourable character. It was the preparation, in conjunction with Volpaia, of a model of the city and fortifications of Florence for the use of Pope Clement VII., who was then about to lay siege to the city. The model was finished and, concealed in bales of wool, conveyed in safety to the pope, to whose engineers it proved of essential service. For this treachery Tribolo was rewarded by being employed on the sculpture of the chapel of S. Loretto, but the death of the pope put a speedy end to the commission. Tribolo's next employment was the arrangement and direction of the superb festal decorations for the Medici at Florence. He afterwards remodelled the gardens of the Pitti palace for the Duke Cosmo, and added statues, fountains, &c. He was appointed by the duke commissioner of roads and bridges, and as a part of his duties there devolved upon him the making of alterations in the courses and embankments of certain rivers. His ignorance of engineering, and even of the elementary principles of hydraulics, did not prevent him from personally undertaking these operations. The results were serious inundations and destruction of property in the district of Prato and elsewhere. The outcry which ensued threw him into a fever, of which he died in 1550.—J. T—e.
TRIBONIAN, the celebrated jurist, was born in Pamphylia, of Greek parentage. Having settled at Constantinople, he filled with great distinction several high offices of state under Justinian, who early appreciated his remarkable talents. Being one of the most profound lawyers of that or any age, he took a leading share in the preparation of the Pandects, besides producing, along with two other jurists, the Institutes of Justinian. The Pandects were published nearly at the same time with the Institutes in 534. For a further account of Tribonian, see the article Justinian. A comprehensive view of his character and genius, with a full description of what he effected for jurisprudence, will be found in the forty-fourth chapter of Gibbon.—G.
TRIBUNUS, an eminent physician of the sixth century, was a native of Palestine. Procopius states that he went into Persia for the purpose of attending the king, Cosra (Chosroës I.); he succeeded in curing his patient, and was rewarded with regal munificence. When Chosroës was negotiating a peace with Justinian (532), he refused all overtures unless Tribunus were sent to him. Tribunus went, and remained a year. On his departure Chosroës offered him whatever he might demand as a recompense. The physician, with admirable generosity, asked only the release of some Roman captives. Chosroës set at liberty not only those named by Tribunus, but added three thousand to their number.—F. C. W.
TRIEWALD, Martin, a Swedish engineer, was born at Stockholm on the 18th of November, 1691, and died there on the 8th of August, 1747. He went to England in 1716, passed ten years as the manager of a coal mine near Newcastle-on-Tyne, was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and contributed some papers to their Transactions on physical and mechanical subjects. On his return to Sweden, he introduced into that country the use of the atmospheric pumping steam-engine for draining mines, and other mechanical improvements. He occupied himself much with the contrivance of apparatus for enabling men to live under water. He was a member of the Academies of Sciences of Stockholm and Upsala.—W. J. M. R.
TRIGAULT, Nicholas, a jesuit missionary, born at Douai in 1577. He set out for the East in 1606, and arrived in feeble health at Goa in the following year. He returned to France in 1618, and went back to China two years afterwards. He died at Nankin in 1628. His principal works are a life of Caspar Barzis, one of the companions of St. François-Xavier; "Travels of the Jesuits in China;" and a Chinese dictionary in three volumes, printed in China.—W. J. P.
* TRIKOUPI, Spiridon, the present ambassador of the government of Greece at the court of Great Britain, is distinguished as a writer, an orator, and a diplomatist. He is the son of the primate of Missolonghi, at which place he was born in 1791. He was educated chiefly in France and England, and began his public career in the Ionian islands, where he assisted in establishing the Corfu university in 1820. He bore an active part in the Greek revolution, of which he has been the eloquent historian, and held successively various important posts in the several governments that followed the confirmation of Greek independence. On the accession of King Otho he was sent as envoy extraordinary to London, where he remained from 1835 to 1838, and again from 1841 to 1843. In the last-named year he became minister for foreign affairs and public instruction at Athens, removed to the vice-presidency of the senate in 1844, where he remained till 1849. The following year he was again sent as ambassador to London. His "History of the Greek Revolution" is completed in 4 vols. 8vo. He has also published one or two poems and some speeches.—R. H.
TRILLER, Daniel William, a learned German physician, was born at Erfurt in 1695. He studied at Leipsic, and graduated at Halle in 1718. In 1720 he settled at Merseburg, to which town he was appointed public physician. He afterwards travelled as a physician with the prince of Nassau-Saarbruck. In
