dukedom. The popular cause having failed, Erasmo and his nephew, Antonio, were not merely pardoned by the new duke, but elevated to the rank of councillors.—Renato Trivulzio, died in 1498: surnamed Helveticus for a victory obtained in the Valtelline by the troops of Ludovico Sforza under his command.—Gian-Jacopo Trivulzio, surnamed the Great; born in 1441; died at Chartres, 5th December, 1518. Eminent and successful in arms, his memory is little loved by the Italians, for he waged the wars of France against his native country. Personal pique with his own court having led him to enter foreign service, in 1500 the victory of Novara, won by him from the Milanese, placed his adversary, Ludovico Sforza, in his power. The loss of a subsequent engagement of the same name drove him with his French allies out of Italy; to return, however, and on the field of Marignano, gain the "battle of giants" for Francis I. Strange that a slight from this very monarch, for whom and for whose predecessors he had, to use his own words, fought eighteen battles, should have proved the apparent cause of his death.—Teodoro Trivulzio, Marshal of France; died in Lyons, 1531.—Agostino Trivulzio, Cardinal; died in Rome, 1548. Four other cardinals belong to this family.—Alessandro Trivulzio, minister at war of the Italian republic under the first consul, Bonaparte; died suddenly in Paris, 3rd March, 1805.—The baton, or French marshal's staff, of Gian-Jacopo Trivulzio became an heirloom in his family.—C. G. R.
TROGUS POMPEIUS, the historian, was descended from a family of Gaulish origin; his father served with distinction as a soldier under Julius Cæsar, and became one of his secretaries. The name Pompeius was derived from an ancestor of the historian, who had received the franchise from a member of the Pompeia gens. The great work of Trogus was a universal history, in forty-four books, entitled "Historia orbis totius," beginning with Ninus and ending with Augustus. He seems to have written exclusively from Greek sources, and to have drawn largely from Theopompus. There is still extant a sort of epitome of the work in the form of extracts by a Latin writer named Justin, which is of considerable importance for the history of Alexander the Great and his successors. When Justin wrote is uncertain, but it must have been prior to the fifth century. The best editions are by Gronovius in the variorum classics, and Frotscher, 3 vols., Leipsic, 1827.—G.
* TROLLOPE, Anthony, novelist and traveller, is a son of the late Mr. Anthony Thomas Trollope, and of Mrs. Trollope the well-known writer of fiction. Entering the general post-office as a clerk, and at an early age, he has risen in that establishment to be surveyor of the home district. He commenced his literary career as a writer of fiction in 1847, but he did not excite much attention until the publication of "The Warden" in 1855. Among the more successful of its followers are—"Barchester Tarvers;" "The Three Clerks;" "Doctor Thorne;" and "Framley Parsonage." Mr. Trollope is also the author of the "West Indies and the Spanish Main," 1859, the result of a postal tour in those regions; and in 1862 appeared his "North America," a work on the United States during the war of secession. His elder brother, Thomas Adolphus, born 1810, is the author of several historical and imaginative works on Italy.—F. E.
TROLLOPE, Frances, a clever and prolific writer of novels and books of travel, was born in 1790 at Heckfield in Hampshire, where her father was a clergyman. In her nineteenth year she married Mr. Anthony Trollope, a barrister at law, after which she resided for several years at Harrow. In 1829 she went to America, and during a residence of three years at Cincinnati and other parts of the States, she laid up the stores of shrewd observation which were turned to account in her first publication, entitled "Domestic Life of the Americans," 2 vols., 1831. In this work she depicted with a rough, forcible hand the social peculiarities of the Americans, many of which were then marked by want of refinement. The great popularity which this work achieved in England, increased the feeling of mortification and annoyance with which it was universally regarded in the United States. The authoress next published a novel, called "The Abbess," which was followed by "The Refugee in America." In 1835 she became a widow, and her writings poured forth more rapidly than ever. In the London Catalogue will be found a list of forty works, amounting to more than a hundred volumes, the product of her pen. Five of these are books of observation during travels in various parts of Europe and America; one is a poem entitled "The Mother's Manual," and the remainder are novels. All that she has written is characterized by a strong caustic humour, more masculine than feminine in its tone and expression. In her travels the reader may observe that the high toryism which she professed finds infinitely more to admire in Vienna, and among the Austrians, than she could perceive among the Americans, or even among the Parisians in the days of Louis Philippe. Her most celebrated novels are—"The Vicar of Wrexhill;" "Widow Barnaby;" and "Jonathan Jefferson Whitelaw." Mrs. Trollope died at Florence in October, 1863.—R. H.
TROMMIUS, Abraham, a distinguished protestant divine, was born at Groningen in 1633, where he pursued his studies under Desmarets, Alting, Andreæ, Schockius, and other eminent professors. After finishing his curriculum he travelled in Germany and Switzerland, studying Hebrew for a short time under the celebrated Buxtorff at Basle. He afterwards visited France and England, and on his return was appointed pastor in the village of Haren, whence in 1671 he was removed to Groningen. Here he remained forty-eight years, diligently discharging the duties of his pastorate. His spare time was all employed in the composition of his "Concordance of the Old and New Testaments," in the Flemish tongue, published at Amsterdam between the years 1685 and 1692. He was author also of a very useful "Concordance of the Septuagint," Amsterdam, 1718. The latter work, however, was not completed by himself. This amiable and diligent divine died in 1719 at the advanced age of eighty-six. He enjoyed excellent health the greater part of his life, and had his eyesight clear and perfect up till his death. He married his fourth wife when he was sixty-six years of age, and was made a doctor of divinity at fourscore. His children all predeceased him.
TROMP, Cornelius van, second son of the succeeding, was born at Rotterdam on the 9th of September, 1629. At the age of twenty-one he commanded a ship under De Witt in the squadron despatched against the emperor of Morocco. He served in Van Galen's fleet in the Mediterranean in 1652 and 1653, and was present at the action with the English fleet off Leghorn, when Van Galen was killed. Tromp was then appointed rear-admiral, and in July, 1665, his squadron was defeated by the English fleet under the duke of York. The scattered remains of the Dutch fleet took refuge in the Texel. In 1666, together with Ruyter, he attacked the English fleet under Albemarle, on the 11th of June. Victory declared for the Dutch, after a severe contest which was resumed on four successive days. On the 4th of August another engagement took place, when Tromp had the advantage over the English fleet under Vice-admiral Smith. Ruyter, however, was only able to bring off his shattered ships by the most skilful and daring manœuvres. Ruyter attributed his defeat to Tromp's neglect, in consequence of which the States deprived him of his commission. In 1673 the stadtholder, afterwards William III., restored his commission to him. Having been reconciled with Ruyter, he displayed the most reckless courage in the engagements of the 7th and 14th of June with the combined fleets of England and France. On both occasions, however, he was indebted to Ruyter for bringing him off when he had ventured too far. In 1675 Tromp visited England, where he was created a baron by Charles II. In the following year he was despatched with a fleet to assist the king of Denmark. The king for his services conferred upon him the order of the elephant, and the rank of count. Immediately after he had been appointed to the command of a fleet destined to act against France, he died in 1691, at Amsterdam, and was interred at Delft.—W. J. P.
TROMP, Marten Harpertzoon, a Dutch naval officer, was born at the Briel in 1597. His apprenticeship to the sea was served under his father, who commanded a ship in the fleet of Admiral Heemskerk, in 1607. Young Tromp was therefore present at the engagement when the Dutch and Spanish fleets met near Gibraltar, when the latter was defeated. Shortly afterwards his father was killed in an engagement with an English cruiser off the coast of Guinea; and young Tromp having been taken prisoner, is said to have served for two years and a half as cabin-boy. Returning to his country, he became a lieutenant of a ship of the line in 1612, and two years afterwards received the command of a ship from Prince Maurice. In 1629 Admiral Peit Hein hoisted his flag on board the vessel commanded by Tromp, who was then esteemed the best sailor in the fleet. The admiral was killed by the side of Tromp in an
