place himself under West, then the guiding star of all American painters. But here he was arrested and thrown into prison on suspicion of being an agent of the American government, and was only released on West's personal intercession with the king, and Trumbull undertaking (West and Copley being his sureties) to leave England immediately. He went to America, but returned to England on the establishment of peace, 1783, and resumed his studies under West. His first picture produced here was "Priam carrying off Hector," an imitation of the class of subjects and the manner of his master; but he afterwards turned to native subjects, and commenced a series of paintings of the leading incidents in the American war. The first of the series, "The Battle of Bunker's Hill," attracted a good deal of notice here and on the continent: it was engraved in line at Stuttgart by J. G. Müller. Two portraits of Washington by him were engraved in mezzotint by V. Green. Trumbull returned to America in 1789, and for three or four years chiefly occupied himself in painting the portraits of the leading personages of the revolutionary war, with a view to their introduction into his series of pictures. He then, 1794, came to England in the capacity of secretary to Mr. Jay, the American envoy, who gave him a commissionership under the commercial treaty, which employed him till 1804. After an unsuccessful attempt to establish himself in America, he resumed his professional practice in London. In 1815 he returned to New York, where he finally settled. He received from the federal government in 1816 a commission to paint four of his pictures on a large scale—"The Signers of the Declaration of Independence;" "The Surrender of Burgoyne;" "Surrender of Cornwallis;" "Washington Surrendering his Commission"—which are now in the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington. Trumbull was elected president of the American Academy of Arts in 1817. His unsold series of revolutionary pictures he presented a few years before his death to Harvard college, and they now occupy a building erected for their reception called the Trumbull gallery. He died November 10, 1843. Trumbull has been extravagantly lauded by American writers. By European critics his American pictures have been spoken of in very disparaging terms. There can be little question that his education in art was too imperfect, and his application too desultory, to permit of his becoming a great painter, whatever his original aptitude may have been.—J. T—e.
TRURO, Thomas Wilde, first baron. Lord-chancellor of England, was born in London in 1782, and educated at St. Paul's school, where in 1851 he founded a prize, "in grateful acknowledgment of the benefits derived from his education" there. He was the son of an attorney, and became one himself. Studying, however, for the bar, at the age of thirty-five he was "called" by the Inner temple, and rose more steadily than rapidly to high professional distinction. Mr. Wilde was one of the counsel engaged for the defence of Queen Caroline. He entered the house of commons as member for Newark, which he represented until 1831, and again in 1835 and 1837. In 1839 he was appointed by Lord Melbourne solicitor-general, and knighted, becoming attorney-general for a short period in 1841. From 1841 he represented Worcester. In July, 1846, on the return of the whigs to power, he was reappointed attorney-general, and almost immediately afterwards was offered and accepted the chief-justiceship of the common pleas. In July, 1850, he became lord chancellor, and retained the office until the formation of the first Derby ministry in 1852. He died at London in November, 1855. At the bar and on the bench he was distinguished as a sound and able lawyer, and while on the woolsack he effected some important reforms both in chancery and common law procedure.—F. E.
TRUXILLO, Thomas de, a Spanish author, was born at Zurita in the diocese of Placentia, in the first part of the sixteenth century. He had been prior of the order of mercy at Madrid, but he subsequently joined the Dominicans. In 1563 he published a treatise in Spanish on the disorders of war. Two other treatises, one on oaths and the other on alms-giving, were published by him at Estella in Navarre. He was also the author of a book, entitled "Miserias del hombre," &c., and of a "Thesaurus Concionatorum." The latter has gone through a great many editions. Truxillo was renowned for his preaching.
TRYE, Charles Brandon, a provincial surgeon of considerable local celebrity, was born in 1757 at Leckhampton, near Cheltenham, of which parish his father was rector. He practised as a surgeon for many years at Gloucester, where he was universally esteemed for his professional skill and his private virtues. He died in 1811; and there is a monument in the cathedral erected to his memory by a subscription among his numerous friends. He was an F.R.S., and wrote several medical works, which were favourably received at the time of their appearance, but are now forgotten. A sketch of his life and character by his relative, the Rev. Daniel Lysons, was published in 1812, 4to, at Gloucester; which was reprinted, with some omissions and some additional extracts from his journals and papers, in 1848, 12mo, at Oxford.—W. A. G.
TRYPHIODORUS, a Greek grammarian, was a native of Egypt. The time when he flourished is not exactly ascertained; but as he imitated Nestor of Laranda, he was posterior to the second century. It is probable that he was contemporary with Coluthus, Quintus Smyrna us, and Nonnus. Although Tryphiodorus was a grammarian, we know nothing of his efforts in that department. All that is known of him relates to his poetical labours. He is the author of Ἰλίου ἅλωσις (the taking of Troy), containing six hundred and ninety-one lines. He is also the author of Μαραθωνιακά; Τὰ καθ' Ἱπποδάμειαν; Ὀδύσσεια λειπογραμάματος; Παράφρασις τῶν Ὁμήρου παραβολῶν. The best editions of the extant poem are those of Schæfer, Leipsic, 1808, 8vo; and Wernicke, 1819. There are translations of it into Latin, English, and German.—S. D.
TSCHIRNHAUSEN, Ehrenfried Walter, Count of, a distinguished German man of science, was born at Kieslingswalde, near Görlitz, in Upper Lusatia, on the 10th of April, 1651, and died at Dresden on the 11th of October, 1708. He was the son and heir of a wealthy nobleman. He studied at the university of Leyden, and on the breaking out of war between France and Holland, served for a time in the Dutch army as a volunteer. He afterwards travelled through various parts of Europe, chiefly with a view to scientific study. Going to Paris in 1682, he became a member of the Academy of Sciences, to which he communicated most of his scientific researches. He was peculiarly skilful and successful in making enormous burning mirrors and lenses, and in manufacturing object-glasses for telescopes of unprecedented size.—W. J. M. R.
TSCHUDI, Gilles (in Latin, Ægidius Tschudius), was born in 1505, in the town of Glarus in Switzerland. He studied at Basle under Glareanus. Having accompanied that learned scholar to Paris, he remained there until 1530, and then returned home, spending the greater part of his subsequent life in his native state, where he filled various important offices, and was finally appointed landamman in 1558. He died in 1572. Tschudi may be properly considered the father of Swiss history. He wrote many works, a number of which, however, have not been published, but remain in manuscript in the different libraries of his native country. Of chief importance among those that are printed may be mentioned his "Chronicle of Switzerland from 1000 to 1470," published at Basle in 1734 and 1736. It forms one of the main sources of information regarding the early history of Switzerland.—J. J.
TUCKER, Abraham, was born in London, September, 1705. His father, a wealthy merchant, died during his son's infancy, and a maternal uncle became his guardian. In 1721 he entered Merton college, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, and in 1724 he went into chambers in the Inner temple, but was never called to the bar. French, Italian, and music were favourite studies with him, and he travelled for a period in France. In 1727 he purchased a large estate, and along with it Betchworth castle, near Dorking, formerly a possession of the earls of Arundel. He married in 1736, and when his wife died in 1754, leaving him with two daughters, he transcribed his wife's letters to himself, and gave the collection the title of a Picture of Artless Love. In 1755 he published "The Country Gentleman's Advice to his Son on the subject of Party Clubs," a pamphlet full of quiet sagacity and cautious counsels. About 1756 he began his great work, "The Light of Nature Pursued." A specimen under the title of "Freewill," was published in 1763; and a criticism in the Monthly Review of July, 1763, provoked a reply from him under the name of Cuthbert Comment, Esq. "The Light of Nature" was published in 1765 in four volumes, and under the assumed name of Edward Search. In the meantime the author was struck with blindness, but a dutiful daughter did the work of amanuensis in preparing the remaining volumes of the treatise for the press. He died on the 20th of November, 1774, before the work was completed, but after his death it was
