carefully edited by his daughter. Tucker was a man of singular acuteness, and great fertility in ingenious illustration. But he is apt to be prolix, as if he wrote as much for his own pleasure as for the information of the public. He adopted no little of his metaphysical system from Hartley, and only changed some of the technical phrases. Mackintosh calls him a "metaphysical Montaigne."—J. E.
TUCKER, Josiah, was born at Laugharne, Caermarthenshire, in 1711. His father was a Welsh gentleman, who farmed his own property. After getting some preliminary education at Ruthin school, Denbighshire, he was admitted to St. John's college, Oxford. Having entered into holy orders, he became curate first of All Saints, and then of St. Stephen's, Bristol, holding also a minor canonry in the cathedral. Bishop Butler appointed him his domestic chaplain, then gave him a prebendal stall, and finally in 1749 the rectory of St. Stephen's. In 1758 he was made dean of Gloucester, having taken the degree of D D. three years previously. Dean Tucker's publications are chiefly on commercial and political subjects. In 1748 he published "A brief Essay on the Advantages and Disadvantages which respectively attend Britain and France with regard to Trade." The work is condemnatory both of monopolies and protective duties. Next he gave to the press "Reflections on the expediency of a Law for the Naturalization of Foreign Protestants." He also defended in a separate tract the naturalization of the Jews. In 1781 he wrote his "Treatise on Civil Government," in which he combats the views of Locke. In 1785 he published a remarkable tract, "Reflections on the present matters in dispute between Great Britain and Ireland," in which he advocates the most important of the free trade measures which recent legislation has introduced among us. He published also on the American war, and though he did not take the side of the colonists, he argued for a separation. His "Apology for the present Church of England," and his "Letters to Dr. Kippis," disclose his ecclesiastical opinions in favour of subscription, and against the repeal of the corporation and test acts. Dean Tucker published also several sermons, though it was alleged that his mind was turned too much away by the tenor of his researches from practical duty and theological thought. After a laborious life, the usefulness of which, however, was apart from his clerical profession, he died of paralysis, 4th November, 1799.—J. E.
TUDWAY, Thomas, doctor of music, received his education in the royal chapel at the same time with Purcell. In 1664 he was admitted to sing a tenor in the royal chapel at Windsor. After this, in 1665, he went to Cambridge, to which university he was invited by the offer of the place of organist of King's college chapel, and in 1681 was admitted to the degree of bachelor in his faculty. In 1705 Queen Anne made a visit to the university of Cambridge, upon which occasion Tudway composed an anthem, "Thou, God, hast heard my vows," which he performed as an exercise for the degree of doctor in music, and was created accordingly, and honoured with the title of public professor of music in that university. He died in 1730. In the latter part of his life he was employed by the earl of Oxford to collect musical compositions (chiefly Italian), and in making a collection of the most valuable English services and anthems. Of these he scored as many as filled seven thick quarto volumes, which are preserved in the British museum, with the Harleian collection. To each volume is prefixed a historical and critical preface.—E. F. R.
TULDEN, Théodore van, was born at Bois-le-Duc about 1607, and after learning the rudiments of his art from Abraham Blyenberch, became the pupil of Rubens at Antwerp. Van Tulden entered the Antwerp guild of painting in 1626-27; and was then employed some few years at Paris. He returned to Belgium, and in 1636 obtained the citizenship of Antwerp. He had in the previous year married Mary, the daughter of the painter Henry van Balen. He served as dean of the corporation of painters at Antwerp in 1638-39; but in 1656 he had returned to, and was settled in his native place, Bois-le-Duc. He is said to have died in 1676, but this date, as well as that given for his birth, is uncertain. Van Tulden was a good painter, both of historical subjects and portraits; and etched also many excellent plates.—(Catalogue, du Musée D'Anvers.)—R. N. W.
TULL, Jethro, an eminent English agriculturist, lived at the beginning of the eighteenth century. He possessed a small estate near Hungerford, on the borders of Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and on it he carried out various agricultural improvements. He is considered to be the introducer of drill and horse-hoeing husbandry. He advocated regular sowing of seeds in rows, and stirring the earth at the roots of plants by means of an instrument drawn by a single horse, and hence called horse-hoeing. Tull in his system neglected the improving of the soil by manuring; he trusted to proper stirring and pulverizing. His system, as might be expected, was unsuccessful, and he involved himself in pecuniary difficulties. He lost his property, and it is reported that he died in prison, where he had been put for debt. In 1731 he published an account of his system of husbandry. He supposed that by his method there would be no necessity for rotation of crops or for manuring, and that the soil would be kept constantly fertile. He lived to see that his system wanted something to insure its success. So far as he went his plan was good, but he fancied that air, earth, and water contained all that was required for the food of plants, and did not see the necessity for additions being made to secure continued fertility.—J. H. B.
* TULLOCH, John, D.D., Principal of St. Mary's college, St. Andrews, is the son of the late parish minister of Tippermuir, near Perth, and was born in 1823. He was educated at St. Andrews, and having received license as a preacher of the established church of Scotland, was appointed, in 1844, by the town council of Dundee to one of the churches in that town. In 1849 he was translated to the parish of Kettins in Forfarshire, and on the death of the venerable Principal Haldane in 1854 he was presented by the crown, to the principalship of the divinity college of St. Mary's, St. Andrews. His contributions to the British Quarterly and the North British Review had previously attracted notice, and in 1855 he gained the second Burnett prize, amounting to £600, for a treatise on the "Being and Attributes of God," the first prize of £1800 having been adjudged to the Rev. Robert Anchor Thompson. Principal Tulloch has since published "The Leaders of the Reformation," 1859; "English Puritanism and its Leaders," 1861; "Beginning Life," 1863—works which have met with a large share of public approbation. Principal Tulloch is an able, accomplished, and liberal divine.
TULLUS, Hostilius, the third king of Rome, reigned, according to legend, from 670 to 638 b.c. He was said to be the son of Hostus Hostilius, a Roman general, who fell in the Sabine war; but Niebuhr has shown this to be impossible. He carried on wars with the Albans, the Veientes, and the Sabines; and it was in the battle with the first of these that the celebrated encounter between the Horatii and Curiatii took place. His death was attributed by the Romans to the anger of Jupiter Elicius, whose worship he had neglected, and who struck him with lightning while he attempted to perform the mysterious ceremonies by which Numa had won the favour of the gods.—D. M.
TUNSTALL, Cuthbert, a learned English prelate of the Romish church, was born at Hatchford, near Richmond, Yorkshire, about 1474, and was educated at Balliol college, Oxford, and at King's hall (afterwards part of Trinity college), Cambridge. He subsequently went to the university of Padua, then in high reputation, where he studied contemporaneously with Latimer, and took the degree of doctor of laws. Upon his return to England in 1511, Archbishop Warham appointed him his vicar-general or chancellor, and subsequently collated him to the rectory of Harrow-on-the-Hill. In 1514 he became prebendary of Stow-longa in Lincoln church, in 1515 archdeacon of Chester, and in 1516 master of the rolls. In the last-named year he accompanied Sir Thomas More on an embassy to the Emperor Charles V., who was then in Brussels; and he there became acquainted with Erasmus, who spoke of him in the highest terms. After proceeding upon a second embassy he was rewarded by numerous preferments, and in 1522 was promoted to the bishopric of London. In 1523 he was appointed keeper of the privy seal, and in 1525 was despatched with Sir Richard Wingfield on an embassy to Spain to confer with the emperor after the battle of Pavia. In 1527 he prosecuted several persons in his diocese for heresy, but he did not proceed to the last extremities. The same year he attended Cardinal Wolsey in his embassy to France, and in 1529 was one of the English ambassadors employed to negotiate the treaty of Cambray. After his return he endeavoured to suppress Tyndale's New Testament, thinking it better, as Burnet says, to burn the books of the heretics than the heretics themselves. In 1530 he was translated to the see of Durham. He opposed, but subsequently supported, Henry VIII.'s claim as supreme head of the English church. In 1541
