rector of the seminarium in the Italian capital, he held the same offices successively in the colleges of Florence and Loretto. He died 1599. He published in 1594, "De Vita Francisci Xavieri, Historia Lauretana," a history of the house of Loretto—a book long in request among catholics, and translated into several languages; "Epitome Historiarum;" and "De particulis Latinis," a treatise yet in high repute, and an improved edition of which was issued by Hand, Leipsic, 1829, in four octavo volumes.—J. E.
TURTON, William, a celebrated English naturalist. He became fellow of the Linnæan Society in 1809. He was an M.D., and practised his profession at Swansea in South Wales. At the same time he prosecuted natural history with vigour. He devoted much attention to shells, and published in 1819 a "Conchological Dictionary of the British Islands;" and in 1831 a "Manual of Land and Fresh-water Shells of Great Britain." His "British Fauna, or compendium of British Zoology," was printed at Swansea in 1807.—J. H. B.
TUSSER, Thomas, whom Warton has called the English Varro, was born at Rivenhall in Essex about 1527. At an early age he was forced by his father to become a chorister in the collegiate chapel of the castle of Wallingford in Essex; and he has himself recorded the hardships and chastisements which he had to undergo there. In time he was admitted into the choir of St. Paul's cathedral, where he made considerable progress. Thence he went to Eton school, where his sufferings were renewed under its merciless though learned master, Nicholas Udall. From Eton he was elected to King's college, Cambridge, and was happy for a time, enjoying the scholarly society of that university, which he left, after an illness, to seek his fortune at court, becoming a retainer, apparently as a musician, of William, Lord Paget. After ten years he married and settled as a farmer at Cattiwade in Suffolk, where he wrote his work, "A hundred good poyntes of husbandrie," 4to, London, 1557, dedicated to Lord Paget. After two removals to Ipswich and West Durham, he became a singing man in Norwich cathedral. He next turned a farmer once more, at Fairsted in Essex, from which place he removed to London again, where he was living in 1572. In the following year, it is supposed, he was matriculated a servant of Trinity college, Cambridge, it is presumed to be employed in the choir. Ever changing, he removed to Chesterton where he is said to have possessed some little property. He died in 1580 during a visit to London, and was buried in St. Mildred's in the Poultry. To his first work were adjoined two others—"A hundred poyntes of good husbandry," 1558, and "A dialoge of wyving and thryvynge," 1562, no separate copies of which seem now to be in existence; while there was added to the edition of 1573 an autobiography of the author in verse. The title of this and subsequent editions, which were numerous, is "Five hundred poyntes of good husbandrie." With its variety of metre, or jingle, and its homely and quaint detail, Tusser's work is an interesting memorial of the rustic England of the olden time. "It must be acknowledged," says Warton, "that this old English Georgic has much more of the simplicity of Hesiod than of the elegance of Virgil; and a modern reader would suspect that many of its salutary maxims originally decorated the margins, and illustrated the calendars of an ancient almanac. It is without invocations, digressions, and descriptions; no pleasing pictures of rural imagery are drawn from meadows covered with flocks, and fields waving with corn, nor are Pan and Ceres once named. Yet it is valuable as a genuine picture of the agriculture, the rural arts, and the domestic economy and customs of our industrious ancestors." A good edition of Tusser was published in 1812 by Dr. Mavor, with biographical and bibliographical apparatus. We have followed the brief memoir in the Athenæ Cantabrigienses.—F. E.
TUTCHIN, John (in some verses written on his death he is called Captain Tutchin), a party writer in the age of James II. He was tried at Dorchester under the assumed name of Thomas Pitts, for having said that Hampshire was up in arms for the duke of Monmouth, and sentenced to be whipped through every market town in the county for seven years. The females in court, it is said, burst into tears, a circumstance that only increased the brutality of the judge. Tutchin, who petitioned the king for the more lenient punishment of the gallows, was seized with the small-pox in prison; and whether from unwonted compassion or from the misnomer in the indictment, he appears to have escaped the greater part of the barbarous punishment to which he was doomed. At the death of James, Tutchin took his revenge in a bitter invective against the memory of the wretched monarch. He was the author of the Observator, which was begun 1st April, 1702; of a drama called the "Unfortunate Shepherd;" and of a great number of political and poetical pieces. Having made himself obnoxious to the tories, he was subjected to a severe beating in August, 1707, and died in much distress at the age of forty-seven, on the the 23rd of the September following.
TWEEDIE, John, an eminent botanical collector, was born in Lanarkshire in 1775, and died at Buenos Ayres on 1st April, 1862, in his eighty-seventh year. He was bred as a landscape gardener, and became foreman of the duke of Buccleuch's garden at Dalkeith, and subsequently of the Edinburgh botanic garden. From his knowledge of gardening, he was chosen to lay out the garden and pleasure grounds at Castle hill, near Ayr. His success was such, that he was employed extensively for arranging the grounds on estates, such as at Sundrum, Blairquhan, and Eglinton castle. When fifty years of age he resolved to visit South America for the purpose of making botanical collections. In 1825 he went to Buenos Ayres, and there for thirty-seven years he continued to prosecute his professional avocations. He laid out the grounds of Santa Catalina, near Buenos Ayres. He proceeded to examine the plants of La Plata and Brazil. At his own risk and cost, he continued his journeys from Bahia Blanca in the south, to Tucuman in the north, embracing the coast of the rivers Plate, Parana, Uruguay, and Rio Negro; and that of the Atlantic as far north as Rio Janeiro. He contributed much to our knowledge of the flora of South America, and sent numerous specimens to Bonpland, Hooker, Gillies, and other eminent botanists. South American species collected by Tweedie, are in all the general European herbaria. We are indebted to Tweedie for many valuable garden plants, as species of verbena, franciscea latifolia, mandevilla suaveoleus, gynerium argenteum, bignonias, calliandras, &c. In Hooker's Journal of Botany reports are given of Tweedie's excursions, and his contributions to the flora of South America and of the islands of the Pacific are there recorded.—J. H. B.
TWINING, Thomas, a learned and worthy clergyman, is known in English literature by his translation of Aristotle's Poetics, which he published in 1789, with the addition of two dissertations on poetical and musical imitation. He was born in 1734, the son of a tea-dealer, and educated at Sidney college, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1763. Five years afterwards he obtained the benefice of White Notley in Essex, and in 1770 the additional living of St. Mary, Colchester. He was remarkable for his musical accomplishments, and for his mastery of several foreign languages. He died in 1804.—R. H.
TWINING, William, physician, was a native of Nova Scotia. His education was completed in London, and he was admitted a member of the College of Surgeons. In 1812 he joined the medical department of the army. After being connected with the hospital at Hilsea, and serving in the Peninsula and in the Netherlands, he went to Ceylon in 1821, and afterwards proceeded to India. He died at Calcutta in 1835. He is the author of a standard work on the diseases of Bengal.—D. W. R.
TWISS, Horace, the biographer of Lord Eldon, was born in 1787, and was by the mother's side a nephew of Mrs. Siddons. He was called to the bar in 1811, and rose to be one of the leaders of the Oxford circuit. Afterwards, however, devoting himself to chancery practice and becoming a king's counsel, he entered the house of commons in 1820, and during Lord Liverpool's administration was appointed counsel to the admiralty and judge-advocate of the fleet. In the duke of Wellington's ministry of 1828 he was under-secretary for the colonies. His little salon was a favourite resort of politicians and litterateurs; Lord Eldon and Lord Castlereagh figuring among the former, and he himself ranking among the latter through his jèux d'esprit contributed to newspapers and periodicals. The last years which he spent in the house of commons were as member for Bridport, 1835-37, and during them it was chiefly to his exertions that was due the success of Lord Lyndhurst's act of indemnity, as it may be called, for legalizing marriages within the prohibited degrees of affinity. After ceasing to be a member of parliament he sat nightly in the "gallery," and contributed to the Times its daily summary of parliamentary intelligence, a department of journalism which was originated by him. In 1844 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster; and in the same year he published from family papers, &c., his very interesting "Public
