"De Salute Reipublicæ libri duo;" "De Fama libri duo;" "Sacrarum Occupationum libri quatuor;" "De Monarchia libri sex;" "De Virtute libri tres;" "De Summo Bono libri tres;" "Symbola Divina et Humana Pontificum, Imperatorum, Regum," 3 vols., folio; "Historia Rerum in Suecia Gestarum de Bellis civilibus et externis," &c. The last-mentioned work is quoted in the History of the Swedes, by Geiger, who seems to think that the author partly deserved the harsh treatment which he experienced. Typot was a Roman catholic, and had probably some connection with the machinations of the jesuits, which were then distracting the kingdom.
TYRANNIO, the grammarian, was born at Amisus in Pontus, of Greek parentage. He was carried to Rome by Lucullus, 72 b.c., either as a slave or as a prisoner, in consequence of the Mithridatic war. Here he soon obtained his freedom, and opened a school for giving instruction in rhetoric and philosophy. By Cicero he was employed as a librarian, and as a teacher in his family. Many other eminent Romans of literary tastes also availed themselves of his services, and he was regarded as one of the most learned men of his time. He died, possessed of considerable wealth, at an advanced age.—G.
TYRCONNELL, Richard, Earl of, lord-deputy of Ireland in the reign of James II., belonged to an old Norman family long settled in Leinster, which remained Roman catholic, and took that side in the Irish rebellion of 1641. A handsome, dissolute, unprincipled man, when the sons of Charles I. were exiles Talbot was introduced to Charles and James in Flanders as a person ready to undertake the assassination of Cromwell. After the Restoration he figured at court, and ministered to James' amours. On the accession of his patron, he was created Earl of Tyrconnell, and commanded the forces in Ireland when the second earl of Clarendon became viceroy. Tyrconnell was forward in advising James to an unconstitutional and arbitrary policy, and made preparations to support it by disarming the protestant population of Ireland, and remodelling the army there. In February, 1687, he was appointed by James lord-deputy, with the powers of lord-lieutenant. After the flight of James II. from London, he advised him to come with French troops to Ireland, to the Celtic and catholic population of which he appealed with success. Brave, but without military skill or knowledge, he proved incompetent at the battle of the Boyne; and in the later stages of the Irish war obstructed Saint Ruth and Sarsfield. He died in August, 1691, of apoplexy at Limerick, which he was preparing to defend, and says Lord Macaulay, in whose History of England there is a graphic account of Tyrconnell, "the wasted remains of that form which had once been a model for statuaries were laid under the pavement of the cathedral, but no inscription, no tradition, preserves the memory of the spot."—F. E.
TYRRELL, James, an English historical and political writer, eldest son of Sir T. Tyrrell of Shotover, near Oxford, by the only daughter of Archbishop Usher, was born in Westminster in May, 1642, and was educated at Camberwell and at Oxford. He was afterwards called to the bar, but he did not practise, choosing rather to employ his time in historical investigations. His name first appears to a dedication of a posthumous work of his father-in-law, "The Power communicated by God to the Prince, and the Obedience required of the Subject," published in London, 1661. In 1681 he put forth a small work advocating the principles of a limited monarchy, which he named "Patriarca non Monarcha, or the patriarch unmonarched." In 1686 appeared his vindication of Archbishop Usher in reference to the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England, from the aspersions of Heylin, which was appended to Parr's Life of Usher. He also wrote fourteen political dialogues between 1692 and 1695, which were collected together afterwards in one volume under the title of "Bibliotheca Politica, or an inquiry into the ancient constitution of the English government," &c. He also published an abridgment of A Brief Disquisition on the Law of Nature, according to Bishop Cumberland's Latin treatise, De Legibus Nuturæ, in opposition to Hobbes' method. Tyrrell's principal work, however, is his "General History of England, both Ecclesiastical and Civil, from the most ancient times," published from 1700-4, in 5 vols., and which, in consequence of the author's death, was only continued as far as the end of the reign of Richard II. Tyrrell died in 1718.—F.
TYRTÆUS, son of Archembrotus, was the second in order of time of the Greek elegiac poets, and perhaps the most renowned martial poet of all times. The information which has come down to us respecting this remarkable man, is for the most part legendary and unreliable. It is related that the Spartans, disheartened at the success of their enemies at the beginning of the second Messenian war, consulted the Delphian oracle, and were directed to ask a leader from Athens; that the Athenians, fearing lest the Lacedæmonians should extend their dominion in the Peloponnesus, sent them Tyrtæus, a lame schoolmaster, and a native of Aphidnæ in Attica: but that this man whom they had sent, as it were, in mockery, so roused and maintained the courage of the Spartans by his warlike songs, that in the end they obtained a complete victory over their dangerous foes. It is, of course, impossible to say precisely what amount of truth may be contained in the above legend; but it is probable that Tyrtæus was by birth a stranger, that he became a Spartan by the subsequent recompense of citizenship conferred upon him, that he was an impressive and efficacious minstrel, and that he was moreover something of a wise and influential statesman; being able not only to animate the courage of the warrior on the field of battle, but also to soothe those discontents and troubles which usually prevail among the citizens in time of war. Grote calls him an inestimable ally of the Lacedaemonians during their second struggle with the Messenians; and the few indisputable facts respecting both the first and second war have been gathered from the extant fragments of his poems. The story of his lameness is discredited by all the modern critics; and as to his being called a schoolmaster, it must be borne in mind that minstrels who composed and sung poems at that time were the only persons from whom the youth received any mental training. The sway which he exercised over the minds of the Spartans must be received as a fact, nor is it in the least inconsistent with the character either of the age or of the people. The musician and the minstrel were the only persons who ever addressed themselves to the feelings of a Lacedaemonian assembly; and we know from other sources that the Spartan mind was particularly susceptible to the influence of music and poetry. The poems of Tyrtæus were of two kinds; the first were elegies, in which the warrior was exhorted to bravery against the foe, and inspirited with descriptions of the glory of fighting for one's native land; the other sort were composed in more rapid measures, and intended as marching songs, to be accompanied with the flute. The influence of these poems on the minds of the Spartan youth continued to be very powerful long after the poet himself had passed away, and it is probable that the power of his example at least (for of the poems only some fragments remain) will be felt for ages yet to come. The fragments which we possess of these famous songs and elegies will be found in Gaisford's Poetæ Minores Græci, and in many other collections. They have also been edited separately by Klotz, Bremæ, 1764, and by Stock, Leipsic, 1819.
TYRWHITT, Thomas, the editor of Chaucer, was born in 1730. He was the eldest son of Dr. Tyrwhitt, who died a canon of Windsor, and his mother was a daughter of Bishop Gibson. Educated at Eton and Oxford, he was for seven years a fellow of Merton college, where he amassed a large stock of varied learning, classical, linguistic, and literary. He gave up his fellowship in 1762 to become clerk to the house of commons, a position which he resigned in 1768 to devote himself to his books. He was a generous and amiable man, and died in 1786. Two years before, he had received, without solicitation, the "blue riband of literature" on being appointed a trustee of the British museum. Of his several publications the most important was his well-known edition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. He contributed much that was valuable to Stevens and Reed for their editions of Shakspeare. Tyrwhitt superintended the publication of Chatterton's fabrications, "Poems supposed to have been written at Bristol in the tenth century by Rowley and others," 1778, adding a preface in which he left the question of their authenticity to the public, intimating his own opinion that the evidence as to their authorship was very defective. In an appendix to the third edition he maintained that they were forgeries, and in defence of this view published in 1779 his "Vindication of the Appendix to the Poems called Rowley's, in reply to the Dean of Exeter, Jacob Bryant, and others."—F. E.
TYTLER, Alexander Fraser, usually styled Lord Woodhouselee, a Scottish judge and miscellaneous writer, was the eldest son of William Tytler, noticed below, and was born in 1747. He received his early education at the high school of Edinburgh, and at Kensington under Mr. Elphinston, the trans-
