lator of Martial; and after completing his course of study at the university of Edinburgh, he was called to the bar in 1770. At the suggestion of Lord Karnes he prepared a supplementary volume to his lordship's Dictionary of Decisions, which was published in 1778, and was received with high commendation. Two years later he was appointed conjunct-professor of universal history in the college of Edinburgh, and in 1786 he became sole professor. The popularity of his academical prelections induced him to publish in 1782 "Outlines" of his course of lectures, which were so well received that he afterwards republished them in a more extended form, under the title of "Elements of General History." This work has passed through many editions, and was used as a text-book in several of the universities both of Britain, and of America. Mr. Tytler now became a contributor to the well-known periodicals, the Mirror and the Lounger, and wrote several papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 1790 he published an "Essay on the Principles of Translation," which added considerably to his reputation. In the same year he was appointed judge-advocate of Scotland; in 1802 he obtained a seat on the bench with the title of Lord Woodhouselee, and in 1811 was nominated a lord of justiciary. His health had, however, been seriously impaired by a long and severe illness in 1795; his complaint returned in 1812; and he died on the 5th January, 1813, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. This "fine lettered old judge" was distinguished for his hospitality and kindness, as well as for his legal and literary accomplishments. Besides the works mentioned above, he was the author of a Life of Lord Kames, and of several pamphlets and fugitive pieces, amongst them an ingenious "Essay on the Life and Times of Petrarch."—J. T.
TYTLER, Henry William, a Scottish physician, who died at Edinburgh, on the 24th August, 1808, at the age of fifty-six. He was author of a translation of the Hymns of Callimachus, of the Coma Berenices of Catullus, and of the poem on the Punic War by Silius Italicus. In 1797 appeared "Paidotrophia, or the art of nursing and rearing children," a poem in three books, translated from the Latin of Scevole de St. Marthe, with medical and historical notes, and a life of the author from the French of Michel and Niceron. It is dedicated in a long poetical epistle to the earl of Buchan, a nobleman who seems to have patronized the translator. His book, entitled "The Voyage Home from the Cape of Good Hope, with other poems relating to the Cape, and notes," was published in 1804. Tytler was a fellow of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce.
TYTLER, James, a Scottish miscellaneous writer, commonly called Balloon Tytler, from an unsuccessful attempt he made with a balloon, was the son of the parish minister of Ferns in Forfarshire, and was born about the middle of last century. He received a good education, was apprenticed to a surgeon, attended for some time the medical classes in the university of Edinburgh, and made two voyages as surgeon on board a Greenland whaler. But all his attempts to establish himself in life having failed in consequence of his irregular habits, he was compelled to support himself and his family by working for the booksellers, for which his immense stores of knowledge peculiarly fitted him. He was the author or compiler of nearly three-fourths of the second edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and of many other useful works. He at one time printed with his own hands a number of his own productions. He was the author of various ingenious projects, of which others reaped the benefit. The popular songs, "I canna come ilka day to woo," and "The Bonnie Brucket Lassie," are ascribed by Burns to this ingenious but dissipated and wretched man. Having involved himself in the schemes of the "friends of the people" in 1792, he fled to America, where he died in 1803.—J. T.
TYTLER, Patrick Fraser, fourth and youngest son of Alexander Fraser Tytler by a daughter of Fraser of Balnain, was born at Edinburgh in 1791. He was educated partly at a private school at Chobham, partly at the high school and university of his native city; and having passed through the usual course of literary and philosophical studies requisite for a knowledge of law, he was called to the Scottish bar in 1813, a few months after the death of his father. He obtained some professional employment, and was even made a junior crown counsel; but his youthful years had been passed in the midst of a circle of eminent literary friends who frequented his father's hospitable mansion, and it soon began to appear that law had few charms for him compared with literature and historical research. He early became a contributor to the Edinburgh Review and Blackwood's Magazine, and in 1819 appeared his first independent work, "The Life of the Admirable Crichton," which was very favourably received by the public. His next literary production was a "Life of Sir Thomas Craig of Riccarton," published in 1823, which three years later was followed by a "Life of Wyckliffe, the English Reformer." About this period he was induced by Sir Walter Scott to undertake the preparation of a history of Scotland, which became the main task of his life. The first volume appeared in 1828, and the ninth and last volume in the winter of 1843. Tytler was one of the first to perceive the vast importance of the MSS. in the state-paper office towards the formation of a correct view of the ancient history of the country; and after several exploratory visits he ultimately took up his residence in London, in order that he might be near this source of historical knowledge. He employed these materials with unwearied industry, patience, sobriety, and good sense; but his ecclesiastical and political predilections made it very difficult for him to sympathize with the struggles of John Knox and his successors, and his presbyterian countrymen have complained, not without reason, that he has done scanty justice to the Scottish reformers and their ecclesiastical polity. In 1844, under the administration of Sir Robert Peel, he was rewarded with a literary pension of £200, and was a frequent guest at Windsor. But the unremitting toils of eighteen years began now to affect his constitution; his health gave way, and he spent the remainder of his life mostly on the continent in a vain attempt to recruit his shattered nervous system. He died on Christmas-eve, 1849, in his fifty-ninth year. Besides his "History of Scotland," Mr. Tytler was the author of "Lives of Scottish Worthies," 3 vols. 12mo; "Historical View of the Progress of Discovery on the more Northern Coasts of America;" "Life of Sir Walter Raleigh;" "Life of Henry VIII.," &c. He wrote also some songs for the dinners of the Bannatyne Club and of the Midlothian yeomanry cavalry. In private life Mr. Tytler was distinguished by his amiability and cheerful piety. He was twice married, and left two sons and a daughter.—J. T.
TYTLER, William, a Scottish historical and antiquarian author, was born at Edinburgh in 1711. After completing his education at the high school and university of his native city, he was in 1744 admitted a member of the legal body denominated writers to the signet. His first work, published in 1759, was an "Inquiry, Historical and Critical, into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots," an able defence of that unfortunate princess against Hume and Robertson, which excited great interest both in this country and on the continent, and reached a fourth edition in 1790. His next literary production was "The Poetical Remains of James I., King of Scotland," to which is added a dissertation on the life and writings of James, in 1 vol. 8vo, 1783. Mr. Tytler was fond of music, especially Scotch airs, and wrote an interesting essay on this subject, which is appended to Arnot's History of Edinburgh. He was also the author of a "Dissertation on the Marriage of Queen Mary to Bothwell," published in the first volume of the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries; "Observations on the Vision," a poem; "An Account of the Fashionable Amusements and Entertainments of Edinburgh in the last (seventeenth) century, &c., 1695;" and of a paper in the Lounger, No. 16. Mr. Tytler died in 1792, in the eighty-first year of his age.—J. T.
TZETZES, Joannes, a Greek grammarian in the twelfth century. He wrote Ἰλιακά, a poem, containing sixteen hundred and seventy-six hexameter lines, or rather three poems, detailing the events of the Trojan war. This has been published by Bekker, 1816, 8vo. He is also the author of "Chiliades," a long and wearisome poem on multifarious subjects and persons, published by Kiesling, 1826, 8vo; of an iambic poem on the education of children; and of Θεογονία, consisting of seven hundred and seventy-seven lines, published by Bekker, 1840. He wrote besides, περὶ Πινδαρικῶν μέτρων, περὶ ρημάτων αὐθυποτάκτων, and an ἐξηγησὶς of Homer's Iliad. A good many of his works remain unpublished.—S. D.
