was a painter of a high order, he certainly did not justify the extravagant encomium of his biographer that "to the grandeur, the truth, and simplicity of Titian, and to the daring strength of Rembrandt, he has united the chasteness and delicacy of Vandyck." He is well represented in the National gallery, where is his magnificent portrait of Lord Heathfield, besides other of his masterpieces; yet he does not appear there superior to Gainsborough as a portrait-painter, who, in addition, was equally great in landscape painting. Sir Joshua's drawing is often incorrect and slovenly. He is further distinguished as a writer on art; his "Fifteen Discourses," delivered on various occasions at the Royal Academy, have appeared in various editions, and in several languages. A magnificent illustrated edition was published by John Burnet; London, Carpenter, 1842. His literary productions besides his Discourses are—three contributions to the Idler; some notes to Mason's translation of Du Fresnoy's Art of Painting; and his "Notes" on his tour through Flanders and Holland, in 1781. They are published in the complete editions of his works, printed for M'Lean in 1834, and Bohn in 1846. An elaborate Life by Northcote was published in 1819, and another has appeared lately by Mr. William Cotton—Sir Joshua Reynolds and his Works, edited by J. Burnet, 1856; followed in 1859 by Sir Joshua's Notes and Observations, &c., by the same author. The pictures of Sir Joshua Reynolds are extremely numerous, and the prints after his works amount to about seven hundred.—R. N. W.
REYNOLDS, Samuel William, a celebrated engraver in mezzotint, was born in 1774. He was a scholar of Hodges, but surpassed his master in brilliancy and refinement. Reynolds engraved a vast number of plates, which necessarily vary greatly in merit. He is best known by the series of the works of his great namesake, Sir Joshua Reynolds. These, mostly reduced from the mezzotints published during Sir Joshua's life, exceed three hundred in number, are of uniform size, and form three handsome folio volumes. He likewise engraved many portraits by Owen, Jackson, and other distinguished contemporaries, as well as several historical and subject pieces, and a few works from the old masters, including Rubens' famous Chapeau de Paille in the collection of Sir Robert Peel. About 1826 Mr. Reynolds went to Paris, and remained there some time, occupied in engraving from the pictures of the leading painters of the day—Delaroche's Napoleon crossing the Alps, Horace Vernet's Mazeppa, and Gericault's Wreck of the Medusa, being among the number. He also painted a few landscapes and fancy subjects. He died in 1835.—J. T—e.
RHAM, William Lewis, was born at Utrecht in 1778. His father was a native of the Low Countries, and his mother was of Swiss origin. He came to England in early life, studied at Edinburgh with a view to the church, but ultimately, after studying at Trinity college, Cambridge, entered the church, and was presented successively to the living of Winfield, Berkshire, and to that of Fersfield in Norfolk. He died in 1843. For such benevolent labours as the establishment of his famous school of industry at Winkfield, and for the benefits he conferred on the agricultural world, both by his writings and his experiments, the memory of Rham is entitled to lasting honour.
RHAZES, the name commonly given to a celebrated physician, called in his own language Abu Becr Mohammed Ibn Zaca-Ríyá Ar-Rází. He was born at Rai, a town in the north of 'Irák 'Ajemí, near Chorásán, probably about the middle of the ninth century of the christian era. It was from his native place that he derived his name, Ar-Rází, and it was here that he passed his early life, devoting himself chiefly to music and philosophy. When he was about forty years old he began to study medicine, and became one of the most eminent physicians of his time. He was first appointed physician to the hospital at Rai, and afterwards to that at Bagdad; and was so celebrated as a teacher that pupils came from all parts to attend his lectures. He was blind for some years before his death, and died at an advanced age, probably in 932. He was a very voluminous writer, and the titles of more than two hundred of his works have been preserved. He wrote in the Arabic language, and many of his treatises are still to be found in MS. in different European libraries; several have been translated into Latin, but only one has been published in the original Arabic. This is a short treatise on the Small-pox and Measles, which has obtained a great celebrity, as being the earliest extant work relating to these diseases. Rhazes is sometimes said to have been the earliest writer who mentioned them; but this is not the case, as he himself quotes several authors who had described their symptoms and laid down rules for their treatment. He explains the nature of the diseases by the theory of fermentation, and recommends a cooling treatment. Few ancient works have been more frequently published. There is an edition of the Arabic text, with a Latin translation and notes, by John Channing, London, 1766, 8vo. A Greek translation was published, with the title Περὶ Λοιμικῆς, at Paris, 1548, folio, and it has been published several times in Latin, and English, and other European languages. The last English edition, and the only one that was translated from the original Arabic, is that by W. A. Greenhill, published by the Sydenham Society, London, 1848, 8vo. The largest and most important of the works of Rhazes is "Al-Háwí," or the Comprehensive book, commonly called "Continens," which in the Latin translation fills two folio volumes. It is not a systematic work, but rather appears to have been a sort of common-place book, containing extracts from different medical writers, thrown together without much attempt at order or arrangement. Its chief value consists in the numerous fragments which it contains of works that are no longer in existence; but it was evidently never intended for publication, and contains several interpolated passages after the death of the compiler. It was translated into Latin by Feragius, and was published several times in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries: probably the latest edition is that published at Venice, 1542, 2 vols. folio. Another of his most important works is the "Ketábu-l-Mansúrí," or Liber ad Almansorem, so called from its being dedicated to a prince of Chorásán named Mansúr. It is a systematic treatise divided into ten books, and was intended to contain all that was necessary for a medical practitioner to know. It was chiefly compiled from the works of other authors, but these extracts are skilfully arranged, and mixed with the results of the writer's own reflections and experience. It was a popular text-book in the middle ages, and was published several times in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, together with some of the writer's other works, which need not be particularly mentioned here. Further information respecting Rhazes may be found in the notes to the last English translation of the treatise on the Small-pox and Measles; in the Histories of Medicine by Freind and Sprengel; in Haller's Biblioth. Medic. Pract.; in Choulant's Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Altere Medicin; and in Wüstenfeld's Gesch. der Arab. Arzte.—W. A. G.
RHENANUS, Beatus, born in 1485 at Schlettstadt in Alsace, studied at Paris, and there entered the employment of Henry Stephens the printer. Removing to Strasburg, and afterwards to Basle, where he was employed by Froben, he made the acquaintance of Erasmus and Gelenius. On the death of his father in 1520, he retired to his native place, where, in possession of some property, he continued to devote himself to classical studies. He died at Strasburg in 1547. Like his friend Erasmus, he inclined to the reformed faith, but lacked courage to avow his sentiments. His editions of ancient authors are numerous.
RHENI. See Guido.
RHETICUS, the surname assumed by a celebrated astronomer, George Joachim, from the province of the Grisons (in Latin, Rhætia), where he was born at Feldkirch on the 16th of February, 1514. He died at Kaschau in Hungary on the 4th of December, 1576. He was long professor of mathematics at Wittemberg. His fame has arisen chiefly from his having been the earliest and most zealous disciple of Copernicus, and the editor of his posthumous works.—(See Kopernik.) He made some improvements in trigonometry, into which he introduced the use of the secants of angles.—W. J. M. R.
RHIANUS, a Greek grammarian and poet, born at Bena in Crete, lived about the time of Eratosthenes. The fragments of his poems which have come down to us are collected in Brunck's Analecta, Jacob's Anthologia, Gaisford's Poet. Græci Minor, and in the work of N. Saal, published at Bonn in 1831—Rhiani quæ supersunt.
RHODOMAN, Lawrence, a German scholar, born in 1546 at Sassawerft in Upper Saxony; studied at Ilfeld under Michael Neander, and afterwards at the university of Rostock. After teaching for some time in various seminaries, he was for seven years a professor of Greek at Jena, and for four years professor of history at Wittemberg. He died in 1606. He edited various works in Greek and Latin; translated Greek authors into Latin, Diodorus Siculus among the number, and wrote some poetical pieces in Latin.
