whom is thought not so moche religion, shall goo in his place." The history of Walsyngham's embassy to France was published in 1655 under the title of The Compleat Ambassador, by Sir Dudley Digges, into whose possession the despatches and other documents had fallen. The astuteness and profound dissimulation of the model ambassador are fully shown in these interesting papers. On the 20th of December, 1573, Walsyngham was appointed one of her majesty's principal secretaries of state, and took the oaths before the council on the following day—Sir Thomas Smith being joint secretary with him. The remaining years of his life were almost entirely spent in assiduous service to the state. His busy hand and brain were employed in concocting and inditing intricate schemes for the discovery and overthrow of the queen's plotting enemies, popish or otherwise. His skill in weaving counterplots, and in entrapping conspirators, was inimitable. His agents and spies were everywhere. Lloyd his panegyrist, making a distinction which is somewhat dubious, says, that in foreign countries "he had fifty-three agents and eighteen spies." "He would cherish a plot," says the same writer, "for some years together, admitting the conspirators to his and to the queen's presence familiarly, but dogging them out watchfully. On some men his spies waited every hour for three years." Though his zeal against the papists made him a persecutor, at times he counselled indulgence to the recusants. In 1577 he received the honour of knighthood, and in the following year was sent with Lord Cobham on a mission to the Low Countries. He had previously been ill, and was dissatisfied at the appointment of Dr. Wilson to the secretaryship rendered vacant by the death of Sir T. Smith. On 22nd April, 1578, however, he was appointed chancellor of the order of the garter, an office formerly held by Smith. His first duty on entering office was to regulate the proceedings for the election and installation of three sovereigns—the emperor of Germany, the king of France, and the king of Denmark. In 1581 he was again sent to Paris, where the subject of marrying Elizabeth to the duke of Anjou had been revived. Two years later he proceeded to Scotland in order to bind King James to English interests. After crushing the Babington conspiracy, he urged on the proceedings against Mary Queen of Scots. He is said to have delayed the invasion of England by the Armada, by injuring Spanish credit at Genoa. He died on the 6th April, 1590, leaving one surviving daughter, who was married first to Sir Philip Sidney, then to Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, and lastly to Richard de Burgh, earl of Clanricarde.—(See Lodge's Portraits; Calendar of State Papers.)—R. H.
WALTER of Evesham, a monk who flourished in the early part of the thirteenth century, and who is so called from his belonging to the monastery of Evesham in Worcestershire. His true name was Walter Odington. He was profoundly skilled in the sciences of music, mathematics, and astronomy. He wrote a treatise on music, which is in the library of Bene't college, Cambridge, and which is mentioned by Dr. Burney as exhausting all that was known on the subject at the time. He was also the author of a work "De motibus planetarum, et de mutatione aeris."
WALTER, John, founder of the Times newspaper, was born in 1739, and so early as 1783 at least was established as a printer in London, He patented and partly invented a mode of printing, or rather of "composing," in which he used stereotyped words and portions of words instead of separate metal letters. Among the publications which he printed in this way was a newspaper established by himself, the Daily Universal Register, the first number of which was issued on the 1st of January, 1785. On the first of January, 1788, this paper was renamed by Walter, and reissued as the Times, which, like its predecessor the Register, announced itself as "printed logographically." The founder of the leading journal was for many years printer to the board of customs, an employment of which he was deprived when the Times joined in censuring Lord Melville. He died at Teddington, near Twickenham, on the 16th of November, 1812.—He was succeeded by his son, the second John Walter, born in 1785, who, during his father's lifetime, at the beginning of 1803, became joint proprietor and exclusive manager of the Times. It was under his energetic, skilful, and liberal management that the Times grew to be the leading journal of the empire. From the first, and although giving a general support to the ministry, he pursued an independent course, and refused to admit into the Times the contributions and communications which the government was in the habit of supplying to the papers in its interest. For this, and for such acts of independence as the censure of the Catamaran expedition, the Times and its proprietors fell under the ban of the government. The elder Walter, as already mentioned, was deprived of his printership of the customs; and to obstruct the success of the Times, its parcels of foreign news—of paramount importance in those days of European war—were stopped or retarded by the post-office officials. Mr. Walter, however, defeated this persecution, and with his own resources organized a system by which the most important foreign intelligence reached the Times office earlier even than it was received by the government itself. The Times was the first newspaper "machined" by steam-power (29th November, 1814), nor was this effected without violent resistance on the part of the pressmen. Mr. Walter was returned to the house of commons in 1832 as one of the members for Berkshire, in which he had purchased his estate of Bearwood. Re-elected in 1835, he resigned in 1837, differing as he did with his constituents on the subject of the new poor law, a measure which he persistently and energetically opposed. In 1841 he was for a short period one of the members for Nottingham. He died in Printing-house Square on the 28th July, 1847.—F. E.
WALTER, Johann Gottlieb, an anatomist, was born at Königsberg in 1739. Though intended for the law, he was unable to resist the fascination which anatomical study had for him, and after commencing it in his native city he proceeded to Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he took a medical degree in 1757. Thence he went to Berlin, and studied anatomy under Meckel. His acquirements led to his appointment in 1762 to the second anatomical chair in the Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum, and on the death of Meckel in 1774 he obtained the first professorship of anatomy and the chair of midwifery. He died on the 4th of January, 1818. He collected a valuable museum of anatomy and pathology, which was purchased by the king of Prussia in 1804 for one hundred thousand dollars. This collection, which is at Berlin, still bears his name. Walter was the author of numerous anatomical memoirs and treatises. Amongst them is a work on the bones, 8vo, Berlin, 1762; "Observationes Anatomical," folio, Berlin, 1775; a treatise on myology, Berlin, 1777; and a work on diseases of the abdomen and on apoplexy, 8vo, Berlin, 1785.—F. C. W.
WALTHER, Christoph Theodosius, missionary to the East Indies, was born at Schildberg in Brandenburg in 1699, and studied divinity at Halle. In 1705 he went to Copenhagen at the request of King Frederic IV. of Denmark, and thence embarked with two other missionaries, Ziegenbalg and Plütschow, for Tranquebar, a Danish colony in the East Indies. Walther, having learned Tamul and several Indian dialects, visited the coast of Coromandel (hitherto unapproached by christian missionaries), and founded the missionary settlement of Majubaram. His published works are numerous, including a history of the Tranquebar mission, 1726; "The Way of Salvation" (otherwise known as "a refutation of Mohammedanism"), in Tamul, 1727; an abridgment of ecclesiastical history, also in Tamul, 1735; grammatical observations on the Tamul language, 1739; "Doctrina Temporum Indica, ex libris Indicis et Brahmarum, cum paralipomenis recentioribus;" "Ellipses Hebraicæ," Dresden, 1740. Walther returned to Europe in 1740, and died at Dresden in 1741.—F. M. W.
WALTHER, Michael, a German divine, was born at Nurenberg in 1596, and studied at Wittemberg, Giessen, and Jena. He was chaplain to the duchess-dowager of Brunswick and Luneburg, and at the same time professor at Helmstädt. On the death of that princess he became first preacher at the court of the count of East Friesland, and superintendent-general, in the discharge of which functions he remained till his death in 1662. He was author of "Harmonia Biblica;" "Officina Biblica-Mosaica postilla;" "Miscellanea Theologica;" "Commentarius in Epistolam ad Hebræos." The first-mentioned work, of which the full title is "Harmonia Biblica, seu brevis et plana conciliatio locorum Veteris et Novi Testamenti apparenter sibi contradicentium," has been often reprinted, and is a very useful performance.—R. M., A.
WALTON, Brian, Bishop of Chester, editor of the London Polyglott Bible, generally known as "Walton's," was born in 1600 at Seymour or Seamer, in that part of the North Riding of Yorkshire called Cleveland. Educated at Cambridge, he took orders and was a curate and master of a school in Suffolk. Removing to London he became curate at All Hallows, Bread
