brought off as many of the survivors as could escape from General Hoche's troops. In 1796 he captured a part of the French squadron sent to aid the rebellion in Ireland. After the peace of Amiens he was sent ambassador to St. Petersburg, where he remained till July, 1805. In February, 1806, he captured La Belle Poule frigate and the Marengo, near Cape de Verd islands. After the peace of 1814 he lived in retirement, and died on 27th February, 1822.—R. H.
WARREN, Sir Peter, a distinguished admiral, born in Ireland in 1703, and descended from an ancient Irish family. He went to sea at an early age, and received his first command in 1727. From this point he gradually rose to the post of commodore, which he held in 1745, when he was appointed commander of an armament designed for the attack of Louisbourg, which he took. For this service he was made a rear-admiral of the blue, and after his return home rear-admiral of the white. In 1747, under Anson, he fell in with and totally defeated a French squadron, whose object was the recovery of Louisbourg. For his share in this victory he was rewarded with the order of the bath, and soon after was made vice-admiral of the white. In the following year he was made vice-admiral of the red. In 1747, in the height of his popularity, he was returned to parliament for Westminster. Warren died on the 29th of July, 1752, and was buried in Westminster abbey.—W. J. P.
* WARREN, Samuel, Q.C., known chiefly as a writer of fiction, was born in May, 1807, in the parish of Gresford, Denbighshire. He is the eldest son of the late Rev. Dr. Warren, who, after being for twenty years a Wesleyan minister, entered the Church of England, and died rector of All Souls parish, Manchester. Mr. Warren studied during several years, some of them at Edinburgh university, for the medical profession, and then proceeded to Cambridge, with the view of studying for the church, but finally resolved to go to the bar, and entered himself at the Inner temple in 1828. Beginning to practise as a special pleader in 1831, he was called to the bar in 1837, and went the northern circuit. Between 1830 and 1837 appeared in Blackwood's Magazine his well-known "Diary of a Late Physician," rejected in MS. by the editors of the chief London periodicals, but welcomed by the late Mr. William Blackwood. In the same magazine appeared afterwards his "Ten Thousand a Year," a novel characterized by its strong conservative tendency. He has also contributed papers to Blackwood. His subsequent detached contributions to general literature are the novel of "Now and Then," and "The Lily and the Bee," a prose rhapsody evoked by the great exhibition of 1851. Among his contributions to the literature of Law are his "Popular and Practical Introduction to Law Studies," 1835, much enlarged in the edition of 1845; and his abridgment, with additions, of Blackstone's Commentaries, 1856. The collective edition of his "Works" in general literature, published in five volumes in 1850-55, includes two volumes of "Miscellanies." A queen's counsel in 1851, in 1852 he became recorder of Hull, and in 1856 he entered the house of commons as conservative member for Midhurst. He resigned his seat after being appointed by Lord-chancellor Chelmsford, in February, 1859, a master in lunacy. In June, 1853, the university of Oxford conferred on him the degree of D.C.L.—F. E.
WARTENSLEBEN, Wilhelm Ludwig Gaston de, an Austrian field-marshal, was born in 1728, and early distinguished himself in the wars against the Turks. In the war of the Revolution he commanded the right wing at Clairfayt, 1795. The next year he was appointed to the command, under the Archduke Charles, of the corps d'armée intended to act on the Lahn, and was ordered with ten thousand men to defend the Lower Rhine, then threatened by Jourdan. Instead of attacking, Wartensleben retired upon the Maine, but under positive orders from the archduke he gave battle at Friedberg, where he suffered a defeat, but retired along the right bank of the Maine, provisioned Mentz, and threw two thousand four hundred men into Frankfort, the bulk of his army taking up a position at Offenbach. Jourdan bombarded Frankfort, and insisted on an immediate surrender, but Wartensleben stipulated for a delay of four days, during which time he, with great skill, concentrated all his forces at Wurtzburg. Hearing that Jourdan was approaching he decided to anticipate the attack; but on further intelligence that Bernadotte's army was approaching, he retired first upon Zell, then upon Amberg, and finally upon Forcheim—thus leaving open to Jourdan the route by which he might effect a junction with Moreau, who was then opposed by the archduke in person. Wartensleben effected a junction with the archduke on the Altmuhl, and they prepared to give battle to Jourdan. The engagement took place near Wurtzburg, August 22, 1796. During the battle Wartensleben with twenty-four squadrons of cuirassiers forded the Maine near Erfelsdorf, and charged the French left, deciding the victory in favour of the Austrians, and compelling Jourdan to retreat. This victory caused the siege of Mentz to be raised, and gained for Wartensleben the rank of general of artillery. On the 19th October he commanded the centre of the archduke's army at Emmendlingen, and drove the French across the Elz. In this battle he lost an arm, and being thus incapacitated for military service, was appointed (1797) governor-general of Dalmatia, but died shortly afterwards.—F. M. W.
WARTON, Joseph, D.D., the poet and critic, born in 1722, was the elder brother of Thomas Warton, the historian of English poetry, and son of the Rev. Thomas Warton, who also was professor of poetry at Oxford. Educated at home and at Winchester college, he had at the latter the poet Collins for a school-fellow, and both already began to write verses, some of which were even printed in the Gentleman's Magazine. From Winchester he went to Oriel college, Oxford, where, in the intervals of diligent study, he continued to cultivate the muse. He entered the church in 1744, and in 1746 he published a volume of odes, in the preface to which he recorded his earliest protest against the supremacy of didactic verse, and put in a plea for invention and imagination as "the chief faculties of a poet." On his return from a tour to the south of France, whither he accompanied his patron the duke of Bolton, he published his edition of Virgil in English and Latin, the notes and the translation of the Eclogues and Georgics by himself, that of the Æneid being Christopher Pitt's. In 1753 he contributed, at the instance of his friend Dr. Johnson, some papers, chiefly critical, to the Adventurer. In 1754 he was instituted to the living of Tunworth, and in 1755 he was elected second master of Winchester school. In 1756 he published the first volume of his once celebrated "Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope," in which he expounded elaborately the thesis broached in the preface to his early volume of odes, placing Shakspeare, Spencer, and Milton in the first class as poets of imagination and passion, while the poets of reason were relegated to an inferior rank. "The sublime and the pathetic," he maintained, "are the two chief nerves of all genuine poetry." It was a proclamation of the superiority of the romantic to the classical element in poetry, and is the most systematic manifesto of what has been called the "Warton school" of criticism. So dangerous was thought to be the position assumed, that the volume not only appeared anonymously, but its publisher, Dodsley, issued it by deputy. The concluding volume, in which Warton was thought to have somewhat modified the opinions advanced in its predecessor, was not published until 1782. In 1766 he was made head master of Winchester, an office which he retained until 1793, having meanwhile slowly risen in the church to hold preferments of considerable value. In 1797 was completed the publication of his edition of Pope's works, with notes. He had finished two volumes only of a similar edition of Dryden, when he died in February, 1800. In 1806 appeared Biographical Memoirs of the late Rev. Joseph Warton, to which are added a selection from his works, and a literary correspondence between eminent persons reserved by him for publication; by the Rev. John Wooll, rector of Blackford, &c. Joseph Warton appears to have been an excellent and amiable man. His poetry was of less mark than his criticism, which was much in advance of his age.—F. E.
WARTON, Thomas, the historian of English poetry, was the younger brother of the preceding, and born at Basingstoke in 1728. His earlier education was chiefly received from his father; his later at Trinity college, Oxford. He obtained a fellowship in 1751, before which time he had printed some of his poems, the most remarkable of them the "Progress of Discontent," a satire of some power. In 1754 he published his "Observations on the Faerie Queen of Spenser," the originality and merits of which are well hit off in a passage of the letter which Johnson wrote to him on receiving it:—"You have shown to all who shall hereafter attempt the study of our ancient authors the way to success, by directing them to the perusal of the books which those authors had read." Three years later he was elected professor of poetry at Oxford, and about the same time he contributed to the Biographia Britannica a memoir of Sir Thomas
