1760. His great work on anatomy, the "Exposition Anatomique de la structure du corps humain," appeared in 1732. This was for a long time the text-book of anatomical students all over Europe. It was translated into English by Douglas in 1733. It is said that in his youth Winslow had on two occasions narrowly escaped being buried as dead, and that this circumstance led him to publish his "Dissertation sur l'incertitude des signes de la mort," Paris, 1742, in which he argues that putrefactive change is the only sign of death that can be relied on. Winslow's numerous anatomical observations were published for the most part in the Memoirs of the French Academy. As a practitioner he is said to have been timid and unsuccessful. In addition to his other offices, he was interpreter of the Teutonic languages at the Royal library.—F. C. W.
WINSTANLEY, William, an English biographical writer, was originally a barber, and flourished in the reigns of Charles I. and II., and James II. He was the author of "Lives of the Poets," "Select Lives of England's Worthies," "Historical Rarities," "The Loyal Martyrology," and some others. The editions of "English Worthies" of 1660 and 1684 differ from each other as widely as the politics of those times, and in the last named all the republican memoirs are omitted.—F.
WINT, Peter de, a celebrated painter in water colours, was born at Stone in Staffordshire in 1784. He was apprenticed to Raphael Smith the mezzotint engraver, but turned to the more congenial art of landscape painting. In 1810 he was elected a member of the Society of Painters in Water Colours, to whose annual exhibitions he was one of the most regular contributors for the rest of his life. He confined his pencil to native scenery. His pictures had a breadth, freshness, and vigour, which rendered them deservedly favourites with the lovers of English and Welsh rivers, lakes, and meadows. His foregrounds were often a hay or corn field, with labourers busy harvesting the rich crop. He
painted with a free, bold hand, was clear and unaffected in colour, but too often careless in details, and wanting in variety. He died June 30, 1849.—J. T—e.
WINTER, Jan Willem van, a Dutch vice-admiral, born at the Texel in 1750. He entered the navy at the age of twelve years. In 1787, when the revolution broke out in Holland, he was only a lieutenant. He embraced the cause of the patriots with ardour, and when the adherents of the stadtholder gained the supremacy he was obliged to fly to France for refuge. Entering the French army, he served under Dumouriez and Pichegru in 1792 and 1793, and rapidly rose to the rank of general of brigade. He returned to Holland when the republican army under Pichegru invaded that country in 1795. The States-general then invited him to re-enter their navy, and offered him the rank of rear-admiral. In the following year he was made vice-admiral, and placed in command of the fleet at the Texel. Having been blockaded there for some time, he succeeded in escaping the vigilance of the enemy, and on the 7th October, 1797, set sail with twenty-nine vessels, of which sixteen were ships of the line. On the morning of the 11th he found himself in presence of the English fleet under Admiral Duncan, consisting of twenty ships of the line and about fifteen frigates. The action lasted about three hours, and was maintained with equal spirit on both sides. Winter's ship was taken at last, and he was carried on board the ship of the British admiral. The Dutch lost nine ships of the line, taken or sunk, and about six hundred men killed and eight hundred wounded. The British loss was also severe. Winter was exchanged a few months afterwards. In 1798 he was sent to France as the minister of the Batavian republic, and remained in that capacity till 1802, when he was recalled to take charge of the Dutch fleet. Louis Bonaparte, when king of Holland, made Winter commander-in-chief of all the forces by sea and land. Napoleon, after the incorporation of Holland, treated him with equal favour, and made him grand officer of the legion of honour, and inspector-general of the shores of the Black Sea. He died in 1812.—W. J. P.
WINTERBOTTOM, James Edward, an English botanist, was born on the 7th of April, 1803, and died at Rhodes on the 4th of July, 1854. He became a commoner of St. John's college, Oxford, in 1821, and took successively his degrees of B.A., M.A., and M.B.—the last in 1833. He also studied for some time at St. Bartholomew's hospital, London. He was fond of natural history, and travelled much. In 1834-35 he visited Italy and Switzerland. In 1846 he proceeded to Java and the coast of China, returning by Singapore and Calcutta to Lahore. He then proceeded to Cashmere, Little Thibet, and Nepaul, and joined Captain Strachey in his Himalayan survey. He returned to England in 1849 with extensive botanical collections, and occupied two years in arranging and naming the specimens. In 1854 he went to Egypt and the Nile, and thence to Syria. His death occurred on his way home from Beyrout. He was an amiable man, of a retiring disposition, and possessed much general information. He had a taste for architecture, sculpture, painting, and engraving. He was a fellow of the Linnæan and of the Geological and Geographical Societies of London. At his residence at Woodhay in Hampshire he formed an arboretum, principally of coniferæ, and he was always zealous in promoting botanical science.—J. H. B.
* WINTERHALTER, Franz Xavier, a distinguished German portrait painter, was born at St. Blasien in Baden in 1803. He studied in the Munich art-academy, afterwards made a somewhat prolonged stay at Rome, and in 1834 established himself in Paris, where he has ever since resided. Herr Winterhalter has painted some historical pictures, and several of a semipoetical character; but his reputation is due to his portraits. He was the favourite painter of Louis Philippe and his queen; he has been still more favoured by their successors on the throne of France. In the International Exhibition of 1862, the two imperial portraits of the Empress Eugenie were both by Winterhalter; but beyond these he has painted many more in every variety of pose and costume, and three or four elaborate compositions representing the empress with the ladies of her court. Winterhalter has also been much patronized by the English court. He has painted several portraits of the queen and the prince-consort, and some of other members of the royal family. His group of the prince and princess of Prussia and their children, was a conspicuous picture in the English gallery of the International Exhibition. Several of the kings and sovereign princes of Germany, the king of the Belgians, &c., have likewise been among his sitters, as also the élite of the nobility of almost every court in Europe. He in fact has evidently caught more accurately than any other living painter the actual tone and fashion of the highest circles; he is unimpeachable in rendering costume and court millinery; and there are a nameless softness and grace about his works which are very characteristic. Else, as an artist, he has small title to rank along with the great portrait painters of any preceding age or country. He succeeds best with female portraits. For men his feebleness of touch, exaggerated conventionality of colour, and apparent incapacity to appreciate, at any rate to express, manly intellect, entirely unfit him. Winterhalter is a knight of the legion of honour, and of some German orders.—J. T—e.
WINTOUN (Setons), Earls of, one of the most distinguished Scottish families in respect of antiquity of descent, splendour of alliance, and extent of possessions. Their surname was derived, according to some, from "Sea-ton" (the dwelling by the sea) in East-Lothian, where their founder, Secher, was settled by David I.; others suppose that Secher's name was De Say, and that it was conferred on his new acquisition. Here they continued to flourish for many generations, producing numerous characters celebrated in history.—Sir Christopher Seton, who married Christian Bruce, sister of King Robert Bruce, was one of the principal supporters of his brother-in-law, whom he rescued at the disastrous battle of Methven, 13th June, 1306. He afterwards fell into the hands of the English, and was executed at Dumfries by order of Edward I.—Sir Alexander Seton, his brother, was governor of Berwick during the memorable siege of 1333, and his son Thomas was barbarously put to death by Edward III., because the governor refused to surrender the fortress. Another son was drowned in an attack on the English fleet. This veteran warrior in his old age assumed the cowl. His daughter Margaret became heiress of Seton, and married Alan de Wyntoun, a neighbouring baron. This match was so displeasing to her own relations that it occasioned a deadly feud, in consequence of which, we are assured by Wyntoun the chronicler, one hundred ploughs were laid aside from labour—a fact which Lord Hailes adduces as a proof of the advanced state of agriculture in that district, at this early period. The only son of this pair assumed the name of Seton, and carried on the succession in his eldest son.—His second son, Sir Alexander, married the heiress of the great family of Gordon, and founded a line still more powerful than his own.—Sir George Seton was created a peer in 1448.—George, second lord, who "was cun-
