common-sense manner, and at the same time with a dry precision of statement, that commended it to the understanding of every one, and disarmed criticism. It was just the book suited to the time and to the state of men's knowledge, and it was at once accepted as an authority. Nothing can be a stronger proof of the hold it obtained of the architectural mind than the fact, that after more than forty years Rickman's divisions and terminology, though admittedly wrong in principle and erroneous in detail, are still those in common use. The work passed through several editions, and a new one has been published in the present year, 1862. Thus far Mr. Rickman had only studied architecture as an amateur; but when (1818) parliament voted a million for building new churches, Rickman was persuaded by his friends to enter into the competition. He sent in a design; it was chosen, and he received directions to carry it into execution; and, though at this time over forty years of age, and entirely unacquainted with the practical part of the subject, he did not hesitate to adopt architecture as his profession. He accordingly removed to Birmingham, engaged Mr. Hutchinson, a practical architect, as his assistant, and soon obtained an extensive connection. He continued in practice till his death—after 1830 in partnership with Mr. Hussey—and during the time built more churches (all of them Gothic, and mostly what he called "Perpendicular," in style) than any contemporary architect. They include four in Bristol, as many in Blackburn; two in Carlisle; two in Preston; St. George's, Birmingham; St. Jude's, Liverpool, and many more. He also built Redditch, and one or more Roman catholic chapels; a blind asylum at Bristol, and a great many private residences. But his great work was the New Court of St. John's college, Cambridge, 1827-31, at that time the most extensive modern Gothic building undertaken in either of our universities. All Rickman's buildings evince careful study; but they display little character and less originality. He died March 4, 1841.—J. T—e.
* RICORD, Philip, a distinguished French surgeon, was born at Baltimore in the United States, in 1800. In 1820 he came to Paris, and studied under Dupuytren at the Hôtel Dieu, and under Lisfranc at La Pitié. He obtained his diploma in March, 1826. He first commenced practice at Olivet, near Orleans, and then removed to Croüy-sur-Ourcq, where he rapidly obtained success. He returned to Paris in 1828, and obtained by concours the chair of operative surgery at La Pitié. In 1831 he was named surgeon-in-chief of the hospital des vénériens du Midi, where he remained until his retirement, on the ground of age, in October, 1860. M. Ricord is a member of the Academy of Medicine, a member of the Imperial Academy, and a commander of the legion of honour. He has received orders of knighthood from Russia, Belgium, Spain, Sweden, and Sardinia. His numerous published observations on venereal diseases have rendered him the best known syphilographer of his age.—F. C. W.
RIDER, John, a pious and learned prelate, born at Carrington in Cheshire about 1562. After holding various livings in England, he was successively appointed archdeacon of Meath, dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, and bishop of Killaloe. He was engaged in a controversy with Fitzsimon the Jesuit. His most important work is "A Dictionary; English and Latin, and Latin and English," published at Oxford in 1589. He died in 1632.—D. W. R.
RIDGLEY, Thomas, D.D , a distinguished nonconformist divine, was born in London about the year 1667. He received his education at a private academy in Wiltshire, and having completed his theological studies, he was in 1695 ordained to the ministerial office as colleague to the Rev. Thomas Gouge, pastor of a nonconformist congregation near the Three Cranes, London. About the close of the century Mr. Ridgley became sole pastor of this church, and his reputation as a sound and learned theologian became so high that in 1712 he was appointed one of the tutors in a theological academy supported by the Independents of London for training young men for the office of the ministry. In 1731 he published a "Body of Divinity" in 2 vols., folio—a work which has been frequently reprinted. The university of Aberdeen bestowed upon him the degree of D.D. He died in 1734.—J. T.
RIDINGER, Johann Elias, a celebrated German animal painter and engraver, was born at Ulm in 1698, and was the pupil of Chr. Resch. He settled in Augsburg, and was so much employed by goldsmiths and printsellers that he had but little time to devote to painting. Still he produced many good pictures of hunts; and in 1759 he became director of the academy of Augsburg, where he died in 1767. Ridinger's etchings and engravings of wild animals and birds are admirable in character and full of spirit in their composition. Upwards of thirteen hundred of his prints and drawings are described in Thienemann's Leben und Wirken des J. E. Ridinger, Leipsic, 1856.—R. N. W.
RIDLEY, Gloster, was born in 1702 on board the Gloster, an India ship (the place of his birth originating his christian name), and was educated at Winchester and New college, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship. Fond of the stage in his youth, he wrote a tragedy, which, however, was not produced. His poetry was not of the first order, but respectable, such as his "Jovi Eleutherio," an offering to liberty; and his "Psyche," in Dodsley's Collection. He held for several years the benefice of Weston Longueville, Norfolk, and the donative of Poplar in Middlesex. The living of Romford in Essex was also conferred upon him. In 1740 and 1742 he preached the Lady Moyer's lecture, which was published in the latter year. In 1743 was published his review of Philip's Life of Cardinal Pole; and in 1768 Archbishop Seeker gave him a prebend at Salisbury for his share in the discussions raised by Blackburn's "Confessional." In 1761 he published a learned essay—"De Syriacarum versionum indole et usu;" and the results of some Philoxenian Syriac transcriptions made by him were published by White at Oxford, 1778. In 1763 he published the "Life of Nicholas Ridley," his illustrious ancestor. Ridley died in 1774.—J E.
RIDLEY, James, son of the preceding, was educated also at Winchester and New college, and succeeded his father in the living of Romford in Essex. In 1761, while doing duty as a military chaplain at the siege of Bellisle, he contracted a disease from which he never recovered, and which, some years afterwards, cut him off in the prime of life, in 1765. He was the author of the Schemer, a periodical of some humour; and of the "History of James Lovegrove, Esq." "The Tales of the Genii" are his best productions, and gave promise of a power which made his early death the more to be lamented.—J. E.
RIDLEY, Nicholas, one of the episcopal martyrs of the Marian persecution, was born at Wilmonswick, Northumberland, about the beginning of the sixteenth century. Educated at the grammar-school, Newcastle, he entered Pembroke college, Cambridge, becoming a fellow in 1524, and finally master. His favourite walk in the orchard where he committed portions of the Greek Testament to memory, is yet called Ridley's Walk. The university of Oxford, on the fame of his learning, made him an advantageous offer, which he declined. He then travelled on the continent, studying both at the Sorbonne and at Louvaine. During his three years' sojourn he entered into personal friendship with many of the reformers, whose views he ultimately adopted. On his return to Cambridge he became proctor of the university, and in this character protested against the jurisdiction of the papal see. He was also elected public orator, and his erudition and zeal commended him to Cranmer, through whom he became a royal chaplain, and a prebend of Canterbury, the vicarage of Hearne being at the same time conferred on him. The eighth stall in St. Peter's, Westminster, was next given him, and in the second year of Edward, in 1547, he was raised to the see of Rochester. Images and holy water were denounced by him, and he strove in various ways to spread and confirm protestant views in his diocese. His ability, learning, and discretion gave him a high place among the reformers, and his protestantism was ever associated with an effective philanthropy. On the deprivation of Bonner, Ridley was translated, in 1550, to the bishopric of London. In his new sphere all his former activity was displayed against the "old learning." He commanded throughout all his diocese altars to be taken down and tables put in their place; and he was associated with Cranmer in framing forty-one articles which were published. He was nominated to the see of Durham, but the appointment was not carried out. He had great power over the young mind of Edward, and to his suggestions may be ascribed the royal foundation of Christ's hospital, St. Bartholomew, St. Thomas, and other beneficent institutions. The premature death of the king threw things into confusion, and Ridley favoured the party who proclaimed the Lady Jane Grey. On the accession of Mary he submitted to her, and he had previously pleaded with her brother to tolerate her in the free exercise of her religion. But he was at once marked out as a victim by her—his prominence, his zeal, his influence, his talents and success, sealed his fate under
