reign state of Deseret. But the petition was refused by congress, and the self-styled state was reduced to the rank of a territory, under the designation of the territory of Utah, Brigham Young being continued as governor by President Fillmore, and the entire authority, civil and ecclesiastical, was vested in him. He set himself with great energy to the firm establishment of the colony, and the consolidation of his system. Roads were made, bridges were thrown over the rivers, and handsome and convenient houses sprang up in all directions as at the touch of a magician's wand. An agricultural society was instituted, the foundations of a university were laid, trade flourished, emigrants poured in by thousands, and at the end of 1852 Utah contained thirty thousand inhabitants. But a misunderstanding which arose between the Mormons and the federal government threatened to arrest if not to destroy this material prosperity. President Fillmore's successor in the presidency refused to continue Young in his office as governor, and some of the judges appointed by President Pierce complained that their decisions were set aside by the superior authority of the prophet. One of these judges, whose conduct was of the most immoral and scandalous nature, made false representations of the character and deeds of the Mormons to the federal government; and the decided part which Young took in opposition to Mr. Buchanan, the new president, aggravated the complaints made against him by the federal officials. An army of twenty-five thousand men was in consequence sent to Utah, for the ostensible purpose of restoring the federal authority. On the other hand Young and the legislative assembly of Utah, while professing the utmost loyalty to the Union, expressed their firm determination to resi.st to the utmost the intrusion of any "outside" officials who should be thrust upon them "in defiance of their constitutional rights," proclaimed martial law, and prepared for war with extraordinary enthusiasm. Fortunately, however, at this juncture Colonel Keane was employed as a mediator, and after a month's negotiations succeeded in replacing matters on the old footing, and a treaty was concluded by which the Mormons consented, in June, 1858, on certain conditions to admit the federal officials into the city, and to acknowledge the authority of the government. From that period to the present time (1863), the relations between the federal government and the Mormons have been of a harmonious kind, though, as might have been expected, they have no great sympathy with the northern states in the present struggle for the preservation of the Union. Brigham Young still continues really though not nominally the sole ruler and lawgiver of this peculiar community, and has been singularly successful in maintaining his influence. It is he who directs all the movements of the people, sanctions the formation of new settlements, and decides in cases of ultimate appeal all disputes among the brethren. All new revelations must proceed from or be sanctioned by "the prophet and revelator." To him Mormonism owes its present form; and his revelations have, in fact, almost entirely superseded Joseph Smith's Book of Mormon. It is to Young that the adoption of the grand distinctive feature of the system, the plurality of wives, is undoubtedly owing, though he alleges that this tenet was not his own invention, but was revealed to him by Smith. He has had the hardihood, however, to declare to the "Saints"—"If any of you will deny the plurality of wives, and continue to do so, I promise that you will be damned." The prophet, indeed, is not particularly scrupulous either in his statements or in his actions, and is by no means moderate in his language to those who oppose his schemes. He claims the possession of foreknowledge and other supernatural gifts, as well as the power of cutting off from eternal life any refractory members of the society. Chandless, Burton, and other English travellers who have recently visited Salt Lake city, describe Young as a portly man of middle height; his figure somewhat large, broad-shouldered, and stooping, with a face bespeaking common sense, .and an appearance like that of a New England gentleman farmer. He is shrewd and energetic; is gifted with an excellent memory and strong powers of observation, and is a good judge of character. His temper is even and placid, and his manner cold, though simple and courteous. In his intercourse with strangers he shows no signs of bigotry or fanaticism, and never assumes sanctimonious airs, or affects the mien or language of a prophet. He is sober and temperate, almost ascetic in his habits. He never flatters the people, but rather delights in blunt, coarse, and satirical language, and rates them soundly when their behaviour displeases him. "The arts by which he rules this heterogeneous mass of conflicting elements," says Mr. Burton, "are indomitable will, profound secrecy, and uncommon astuteness."—(Burton's City of the Saints, 1860; A Journey to the Great Salt Lake City, by Jules Remy and Julius Brenchley, 2 vols., London, 1861.)—J. T.
YOUNG, Edward, the famous poet, was born at Upham in Hampshire in 1684. Some, however, place the date of his birth two or three years earlier. His father was rector of Upham, and ultimately chaplain to King William, and dean of Salisbury. Edward was educated at Winchester school, and entered New college, Oxford, 13th October, 1703. A short time afterwards he removed to Corpus Christi, and in 1708 obtained a law fellowship in All Souls' college. He appears, however, to have given himself to the study of literature rather than law, though in 1714 he became B.C.L., and D.C.L. in 1719. He entered orders in 1727, and was named one of the royal chaplains; and in 1730 his college presented him to the rectory of Welwyn in Hertfordshire, where he spent the remainder of his life. His earliest poem was the "Last Day," published in 1713—a subject suited to his genius, though he has not been particularly happy in his treatment of it. The "Force of Religion, or vanquished love," founded on the story of Lady Jane Grey, and his panegyric on Queen Anne at her death, are in worse taste, and are now forgotten. The tragedy of "Busiris" was brought on the stage in 1719, and was for a time successful, though it is full of rant and turgid declamation. He is said to have aspired at this time to a seat in parliament for the borough of Cirencester—the money to defray the expense being lent him by Lord Wharton, to whom the "Revenge" was dedicated. The "Revenge" appeared in 1721, and exhibits great power both of description and of pathos, though it is disfigured also by artificial passion, expressed in forced and swelling words. It is too like Othello, not to suffer sadly by the comparison. The "Brothers," another tragedy, appeared in 1728, and has the excellences and the faults of its two predecessors. These dramas abound in poetic imagery, but its profusion is frequently unnatural in the circumstances, while the passion too often raves and rages under a forced inspiration, and expresses itself in a rhetoric that is too apt to degenerate into bombast. Young's satires are of a higher order than his tragedies. The first part of the "Universal Passion" was published in 1725, and the poem was finished in 1728. It was at once popular, and brought its author £3000. The various parts, even when collected by the author, are prefaced, as was the fashion, by fulsome dedications to various patrons. The satire is pungent and powerful—vivid and picturesque—abounding in witty exposures amounting almost to caricature. Several minor poetical pieces need not be noticed, such as his "Imperium Pelagi," which was ridiculed in Fielding's Tom Thumb; his paraphrase of a part of Job; and his "Ode to the Ocean," &c. After his retirement to his rectory, he set himself in earnest to discharge his clerical duties. As might have been anticipated, his sermons were rich in thought and imagery, and striking in their illustrations, while his delivery was animated and solemn. In 1731 he married Lady Elizabeth Lee, widow of Colonel Lee and daughter of the earl of Lichfield, and the union seems to have been a happy one. A series of afflictions now befell him, and he entered into that shadow which gave birth and grandeur to the "Night Thoughts." In 1736 a daughter of his wife by her former husband died at Lyons, and her dust, as that of a protestant, was refused interment. Four years afterwards her husband died. They are the Narcissa and Philander of the poem. In 1741 the Lady Elizabeth, his wife, also died. "Thrice flew the shaft, and thrice his peace was slain." In his deep sorrow he began the composition of the "Night Thoughts," the first part of which appeared in 1742. The subject, the illustration, and the style, commanded admiration both at home and abroad. The poem is a mighty and magnificent sermon, preached as from a graveyard, on the vanity and brevity of life and the worthlessness and folly of an ill-spent career; on the divine love to sinners, and the great propitiation offered for them; and on the bright hopes of a new and happy existence which Christianity has opened up It startles by its scenes of death, its dark picture of the sting of death, and its glimpses into another world, where the Judge is omniscient and just. It reprobates in stern and withering language the unsatisfactoriness of infidelity, and expatiates in glowing and transcendent terms on the doctrine of immortality. The imagery of night is drawn with intense solemnity—its darkness, and its vast canopy studded with the host of heaven, all telling of the great God, and proclaiming his majesty, that
