and his mother was a daughter of Brook Taylor the mathematician. Young published in 1779 the "Spirit of Athens," expanded in 1786 into his "History of Athens, politically and philosophically considered," which, from its boldness, attracted some attention. He was for several years a member of the house of commons, and became in 1807 governor of Tobago, where he died in 1815. Being a West India proprietor, he spoke and wrote in favour of the slave-trade. In 1793 he edited, with a memoir of its author, the Contemplatio Philosophica of Brook Taylor his grandfather.—F. E.
YPSILANTI, Demetrius, an active agent in the first Greek revolution, was born in 1793. He was the son of the ex-hospodar of Wallachia, and a younger brother of Alexander Ypsilanti, who in 1821 raised the standard of revolt in the Principalities. In the same year Demetrius was sent by his brother to Greece, and placed himself at the head of the Greek insurrection. He became involved, however, in perpetual disputes with other leaders of the movement; and after playing an important part, both political and military, in the Greek revolution, had withdrawn from public life in 1830. In 1832 he re-entered it as a member of the governing commission of Greece, but he died in the summer of the same year.—F. E.
YRIARTE, Juan de, a Spanish scholar, was born on the island of Teneriffe in 1702, and educated at Paris. He also spent a part of his youth in England. In 1724 he went to Madrid and became tutor to the son of the duke of Bégar and the duke of Alba, and afterwards to the Infante Dom Manoel of Portugal; and in 1732 he was appointed a librarian in the royal library, which he enriched by the addition of two thousand manuscripts and ten thousand printed books, besides adding to the value of the whole by copious catalogues. In 1740 he was appointed official translator to the principal secretary of state, an office which he discharged with eminent ability for twenty-nine years. He was an active member of the Royal Academy, and undertook the much-needed revision of the Spanish orthography. He wrote some verses of considerable merit, and assisted in the compilation of Nicholas Antonio's Hispania Nova, and Casiri's Biblioteca Arabico-Hispana Escurialense; he also commenced a Spanish and Latin dictionary, which never progressed beyond the letter A. Other works were left in MS. at his death in 1771. Three nephews of Juan de Yriarte attained distinction.—Bernardo, the eldest—born 1734; died 1814—was appointed a councillor of state by Joseph Bonaparte.—Domingo—born 1746; died 1795—followed a diplomatic career, and signed the treaty of Basle between the king of Spain and the French republic.— Tomas, the youngest—born 1750; died 1791—succeeded his uncle in the post of interpreter, and attained a distinguished name in literature. He is perhaps best known by his fables, which have been translated and imitated in almost every European language. He himself esteemed most highly a didactic poem entitled "Musica," a treatise in verse on the art of music. He also wrote several original plays, one of which is pronounced by Moratin to be "the first original comedy the Spanish theatre had seen, written according to the most essential rules dictated by philosophy and good criticism." Yriarte in his later years fell under the censure of the inquisition, and suffered three years' imprisonment, which probably led to his death in 1791.—F. M. W.
* YVON, Adolphe, a distinguished French painter, was born at Eschwiller (Moselle), in 1817, and was a pupil of Paul Delaroche In 1843 he went to Russia, and from the studies which he made there he painted several pictures, exhibited at the Salon in 1847 and following years. In 1846 he exhibited "The Remorse of Judas," and he has since painted "The Seven Capital Sins," and one or two other theological and allegorical subjects. But he discovered the path in which he was to achieve success, when he painted his Russian battle-pieces, 1850, &c., especially "Ney leading the rear-guard in Russia," 1855. These pictures procured him the honour of being sent to the Crimea to represent the achievements of the French arms. His first great picture of the series, "The Capture of the Malakoff." was assigned the post of honour at the Salon of 1857, and with its successors is now at Versailles. The success of these led to his receiving a command to accompany the staff of the emperor in the Italian campaign. Of his pictures of leading events in these campaigns, painted for Versailles, four reductions made by him for the emperor—three of scenes at the Malakoff, and the fourth "The Battle of Solferino"—were exhibited in the International Exhibition of 1862. M. Yvon's battle-pieces are regarded as the perfection of the art by his countrymen. They are extremely clever: full of life, vigour, and movement; well drawn, bright in colour, and perspicuous in arrangement. But they are theatrical in effect, every thing being rendered subservient to the glory of France and the emperor. M. Yvon received the cross of the legion of honour in 1855, and the great medal in 1857.—J. T—e.
