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ZACH, Francis-Xavier, Baron von, a celebrated Hungarian astronomer, was born at Presburg on the 24th of June, 1754, and died in Paris on the 3d of September, 1832. At the age of eighteen he entered the Austrian army, from which, after eighteen years' distinguished service, he retired in 1790 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel He thenceforward devoted himself to the study of astronomy. In 1794 he was appointed, by Ernest II., duke of Gotha, director of the observatory of Seeberg, where, besides carrying on astronomical researches with great assiduity and success, he taught astronomy to pupils, many of whom afterwards became distinguished in that science. In 1804 he was appointed, by the duchess-dowager of Gotha, grand-marshal of her palace of Eisenberg. After the death of that princess in 1827, he lived for some years at Berne. During a short visit to Paris in 1832, he fell a victim to cholera, which then was epidemic in that city.—W. J. M. R.
ZACHARIAE, Justus Friedrich Wilhelm, a distinguished German poet, was born at Frankenhausen, near Sondershausen, on the 1st May, 1726. He studied at Leipsic and Göttingen, and in 1748 was appointed professor in the Collegium Carolinum at Braunschweig, where he died in 1777. He is best known by his three comic epic poems, "The Bully" (Der Renominist), "Phaeton," and the "Pocket-handkerchief." His "Tageszeiten" is a descriptive poem, written in imitation of Thomson. He also translated Paradise Lost in hexameters.—K. E.
ZACHARIAE VON LINGENTHAL, Karl Salomo, a distinguished German jurist, was born at Meissen, 14th September, 1769. He studied at Leipsic, was for some time domestic tutor to a count of Lippe, and in 1797 was appointed professor-extraordinary, and in 1802 professor-ordinary in the university of Wittenberg. In 1805 he was translated in the same capacity to Heidelberg, where till his death, on the 27th of March, 1843, he was a most efficient and celebrated teacher. He also sat in the Baden diet, and had a patent of nobility conferred upon him. Among his numerous works deserve to be mentioned his "Handy Book of Saxon Feudal Law;" "Handy Book of French Civil Law;" "Forty Books about the State," 5 vols.; and his "Unity of State and Church."—K. E.
ZACHARIAS, surnamed Scholasticus, lived at the end of the fifth and beginning of the sixth century. After studying philosophy at Alexandria, and jurisprudence at Berytus, he was appointed bishop of Mitylene in Lesbos. As bishop he was present at the council of Constantinople, 536. He is the author of Ἀμμώνιος, a dialogue in which is said to be given the substance of a discussion actually held at Alexandria between himself and another. His object was to refute the Platonic doctrine of the eternity of the universe. He also wrote a disputation against the two first principles of all things held by the Manicheans. Both works are printed in the Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. ix., but of the latter the Greek text has not been printed. Turrianus' Latin version is all that has been published.—S. D.
ZACHAU, Friedrich Wilhelm, a musician, the instructor of Handel, was born at Leipsic, November 19, 1663, and died at Halle in August, 1721. His father filled the then important post of town musician to the city of Leipsic, and taught Zachau to play on the pipe. Thiel and Stettin were successively his masters for the organ and composition, for both of which he displayed very special aptitude. He received the appointment of organist of the church of the Holy Virgin at Halle, in 1684, and retained it till the period of his death. He left some erudite pieces of church music, as well as some compositions for the organ.—G. A. M.
ZAGOSKIN, Michael Nicholaevitch, a Russian dramatist and novelist, was born in 1789 at Ramseh in the government of Penza. With but an imperfect education, he was admitted very young into the civil service of the state, and was residing at St. Petersburg in 1812, when he became an officer in the militia. He afterwards went into active military service, was wounded at Potolsk, and present at the siege of Dantzic. After the peace he turned to literature, and wrote a comedy, "The Wag," which was very favourably received, and which led to an appointment in the Imperial public library. He wrote many plays, and subsequently became director of the theatre at Moscow. His first and most celebrated novel, "Yury Milaslaffsky, or the Russians in 1612," appeared in 1829, and met with extraordinary success. He continued to pour forth novels and plays of various degrees of merit till his last illness. He died in 1852.—R. H.
* ZAHN, Johann Karl Wilhelm, a celebrated German archæologist, was born at Rodenberg in Schaumberg, August 21, 1800, and studied architectural design in the Kassell art-academy. During 1822-24 he studied at Paris, and then proceeded to Italy, where he devoted himself particularly to the remains of Pompeii. On his return to Germany he published the result of his examination of the wall-paintings of that city, "Neuentdecken Wandgemälde in Pompeji," Stuttgart, 1828. This work having attracted much notice, he was nominated professor in the Berlin art-academy, and directed to return to Italy to complete his inquiries. He accordingly spent 1830 and the three following years in studying, drawing, and modelling the antiquities in the cities and galleries of Naples, Pompeii, Calabria, and Sicily. During those years appeared his great work on the pictures and ornamental art of Pompeii, &c., "Die schönste Ornamente und merkwurdigsten Gemalde aus Pompeji, Herculanum, und Stabia," folio, Berlin, 1830, &c. After his return to Berlin he published —"Auserlesenen Verzierungen," Berlin, 1840; "Ornamente aller Klassichen Kunstepochen," folio, 1848, &c.—J. T—e.
ZALEUCUS is the name of the legislator of the Epizephyrian Locrians in South Italy, a personage whose existence the legendary character of his biography induced even some of the ancients themselves to deny. He probably flourished in the sixth century before Christ, and was a predecessor, not, as is often said, a disciple of Pythagoras. He passes for being the first Greek who drew up a code of written laws. This code was distinguished by the minute detail of its regulations, and the severity of its penal enactments.—F. E.
ZAMORA, Antonio de, a Spanish dramatist, was born in the latter half of the seventeenth century. Zamora seems originally to have been an actor, but he afterwards obtained employment in the office of the Indies and the royal household. His dramatic career began before 1700, and he lived till after the year 1730. The period during which his dramas had their principal success was probably covered by the reign of Philip V., before whom they were occasionally performed in the Buen Retiro as late as 1744. Two volumes of these plays were collected and published at Madrid in 1744, with a solemn dedication and consecration of them to their author's memory—"Comedias de Antonio de Zamora." This collection embraces only sixteen of the dramas—about forty in number—which Zamora published. The best of them all is the one entitled "All Debts must be paid at last," "which," says Ticknor, the admirable historian of Spanish literature, "is an alteration of Tirso de Molina's Don Juan, skilfully made—a remarkable drama, in which the tread of the marble statue is heard with more solemn effect than it is in any other of the many plays on the same subject." Zamora's plays are, however, for the most part heavy and wearisome. His model was the great Calderon, but he was an age came too
