the bloody and gloomy queen. He was committed to the Tower in July, 1553, and after eight months' imprisonment, he was conveyed to Oxford in March, 1554, with Latimer and Cranmer, to undergo the mockery of a trial. A convocation was appointed, at which the doctrine of the real presence was to be discussed. The disputation was turbulent and unsatisfactory, but as was to be expected and as was provided for, the three protestant prisoners were adjudged to be heretics, and condemned to the stake. Many earnest and ingenious endeavours were made to induce Ridley to recant, but in vain; and he was burnt with Latimer on the 16th of October, 1555, in front of Balliol college. Ridley was an abler man than either Cranmer or Latimer, though he had not the courtly temper of the one, nor the popular humour and oratory of the other. He was calm, gentle, firm, and true to his convictions. He took long time ere he gave up the doctrine of the real presence. Unlike Hooper, he had a strong liking for the sacerdotal vestments, and he walked in his episcopal robes to the scene of his execution. Fox truly says of him:—"Wise was he of counsell, deepe of wit, and very politike in all his doings. . . . In all points so good, godlie, and ghostlie a man, that England may justly rue the loss of so worthie a treasure." Anthony describes him as "small in stature, but great in learning," and Burnet declares him to have been the "ablest" of the reformers. He wrote a treatise concerning images; "Brief Declaration of the Lord's Supper," &c.—J. E.
RIDOLFI, Carlo, Cavaliere, a good Venetian painter, born at Vicenza in 1594, is also distinguished as a writer on art; he died at Venice in 1658. His series of biographies of Venetian painters—a useful work, first published in Venice in 2 vols. 4to, in 1648—has procured him the title of the Venetian Vasari. Its title is "Le Maraviglie dell' Arte, ovvero le Vite degli Illustri Pittori Veneti e dello Stato." A new edition appeared in Padua in 2 vols. 8vo, in 1835, but without any of the promised notes and explanations of the changes of two centuries, greatly to the discredit both of the editor and the publisher, as there are abundant materials in the later works of Boschini, Zanetti, Lanzi, Cadorin, &c.—R. N. W.
RIEGO-Y-NUNEZ, Raphael del, a celebrated Spanish patriot, was born in 1783. His father, Don Eugenio del Riego, was a gentleman and a pleasing poet. Young Riego was attending college, when his studies were broken off by the French invasion of Spain in 1808. He enlisted as a volunteer, and was shortly after appointed an officer in the regiment of Asturias. In one of the first encounters with the invaders, Riego was taken prisoner and conveyed to France, where he remained in captivity until 1814. On his return to his native country, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of his former regiment. The abolition of the constitution by Ferdinand, and the tyranny of the absolutist and priestly party, roused the indignation of Riego, and in conjunction with several other officers he organized a conspiracy among the troops for the restoration of the constitution. It failed through the perfidy of O'Donnel, one of the conspirators; but Riego's share in it was not discovered, and soon after, availing himself of a favourable conjuncture, he gained over several battalions of troops, and proclaimed the constitution of 1812. He then led a flying column through the provinces, endeavouring to rouse the people to assert their rights. Several fortunate circumstances which occurred at this time contributed to the success of the insurrection; and in the end Ferdinand was abandoned by his troops, and was compelled to swear to the constitution (March, 1820). Riego was nominated captain-general of Asturias, and in 1822 was appointed president of the cortes. His popularity at this period was unbounded, but he behaved with great moderation, and exerted himself to temper the violence of the liberals, and to do justice to all parties. The difficulties of the constitutional party, however, were very great. A powerful body, composed of most of the nobles and priests, with the mob, were bitterly hostile to the new state of things, while the constitution was regarded with great aversion by the absolute courts of the continent. In the end, France sent an army of one hundred thousand men to Spain for the purpose of restoring the reign of arbitrary power. Riego and the other leaders of the cortes made a strenuous but unavailing resistance, and were overpowered by numbers. His troops were ultimately obliged to disperse. Riego himself, severely wounded, was betrayed into the hands of the French, by whom he was basely delivered up to the absolutist regency of Madrid. With a flagrant contempt both of law and justice, he was executed on the 7th of November, 1823. Riego was a brave honest, and disinterested man, and a true patriot.—J. T.
RIENZI, Cola, or Nicholas Gabrini di, is the hero of a strange historical episode in the fourteenth century. He was the son of a water-carrier; but though of birth so humble, he had acquired great learning, and was remarkable for his profound knowledge of antiquity. A disciple of Petrarch, he dreamed, like that poet, of the regeneration of Italy. In 1341 Petrarch was crowned in the capitol; and in the outburst of enthusiasm young visionaries like Rienzi saw a revival of Rome's ancient glories. Rienzi had imagination, eloquence, popular sympathies and aptitudes. He speedily gained prodigious influence over the multitude. During what has been called the captivity of Babylon—the residence of the popes at Avignon—ceaseless turbulence, anarchy, oppression, reigned at Rome; and though the nobles were divided into rival factions, they all joined in persecuting, insulting, robbing the people. Chosen by public acclamation, he went as ambassador to Pope Clement VI. at Avignon. He fervently urged the pope's return to Rome. The pope listened with apparent pleasure, made many promises, none of which he kept, and appointed Rienzi vicar apostolical. Having once more set foot within the Eternal City, and having discovered how little the pope was to be trusted, Rienzi determined to try whether republican liberty could not again be enthroned on the seven hills. One of the nobles had murdered a brother of Rienzi, and this added to the agitator's thirst for vengeance. On the 19th of May, 1347, Rienzi, after having heard mass in one of the churches, summoned the people to the capitol, and thither in complete armour he marched himself. The pope's legate accompanied him; hosts of youths were around him, bearing banners and waving branches of laurel. He addressed the people in passionate speech, picturing the mighty Rome of old, and proclaiming the mightier Rome that was to be. To create this new Rome Rienzi was elected tribune. At first Rienzi, as unquestioned ruler of Rome, displayed much wisdom and vigour. He crushed the factions, made resolute, unsparing war on brigandage, was just to all, and was munificently generous to the poor. But ere long fantastic and dramatic elements began to mingle with the valiant reality. Time was wasted on gorgeous festivals which should have been devoted to annihilating enemies, to gaining allies and friends, to organization, to consolidation. Proud of having been deliverer, Rienzi deliriously thought that he was a demigod. He wore the dalmatica of the ancient emperors; on a solemn occasion he crowned himself with seven crowns as the symbols of the seven virtues; in the excitement of a grand ceremony in which he had been consecrated a knight of the christian cross and of the Roman eagle, he cried, indicating the four points of the compass, "All this is mine; to me it belongs to judge the earth with justice, and the nations with equity." Rienzi's sway had risen as a show; it vanished as a show. The people seeing no solid advantages result, grew languid, indifferent, almost hostile; and the moral and political education of long years could not be accomplished through the splendid pageants of an hour or a day. Stirred on by priests and plotters from without, the people dashed down their own idol. After a dictatorship of seven months, Rienzi fled, and anarchy resumed at Rome its dominion. Rienzi found a refuge in the Appenines. In 1348 raged the terrible pestilence which Boccaccio has described. In 1350 Clement VI. published a jubilee, which attracted to Rome from all parts of Christendom twelve hundred thousand pilgrims. Italy rapidly passed from the madness of despair to the madness of sensual excess; and Italian freedom, instead of reviving, seemed to be dying. It is not marvellous that, in such circumstances, the Romans should long for him who had given them the semblance at least of liberty. Rienzi proposed in person a scheme of universal reform to the Emperor Charles IV. The emperor placed him at the mercy of Pope Innocent VI. But the pope conceived that he could use Rienzi as a tool for his own purposes. He sent him therefore to Rome in 1354, along with a cardinal legate. The Romans rushed to meet Rienzi with acclamations of joy and welcome. When, however, they saw that Rienzi was loaded with honours by the legate, and that, instead of acting independently, he lent himself to the most objectionable measures, such as a tax on wine and salt, admiration and love changed to hatred and contempt. In the midst of a furious insurrection Rienzi rushed, disguised as a beggar, from his palace in flames. But he was seized by the people, on whom he tried, though in vain,
