and richness of thought may be compared with Calderon or Lope de Vega, his facility of writing has buried these gems under a mass of inferior matter. The best known of his works are the "Cantos del Trovador," a collection of legends, and "Vigilias del Estio" (Summer Nights), a work of a similar nature. A poem on Bobadil the Little, last Moorish king of Grenada, is by some esteemed his masterpiece. A larger work on the history of Grenada, entitled "The Cross and the Crescent," is still incomplete. He has also written about twenty dramatic pieces, all of which have been more or less successful. In the choice and treatment of his subjects he has always shown a strong affinity for the ancient Spanish history and literature. Zorrilla has been more fortunate than most Spanish literary men in the pecuniary result of his labours; and, inheriting a fortune from his father, has been able to devote himself unreservedly to literary pursuits. He has resided, we believe, chiefly at Brussels.—F. M. W.
ZOSIMUS, a Greek historian who flourished in the time of the younger Theodosius. All we know of his public life is that he was a court officer. He wrote a history of the Roman empire, in six books, which is still extant. It is chiefly an abridgment or compilation from preceding authors. The style is concise, neat, clear, and good. The first book gives a compendium of Roman history from Augustus to Diocletian; and the remaining five are fuller, reaching down to 425. The author was a pagan, and is unjustly severe as well as sarcastic on the christians. Those emperors who embraced Christianity, particularly Constantine, have the dark shades of their characters minutely painted by Zosimus. Yet there is no good reason for unjustly decrying the credibility of Zosimus, as Bentley and many others have done. The best edition is that of Ritemeier, 1784.—S. D.
ZOUCH, Richard, LL.D., an eminent English lawyer and judge, was a native of Wiltshire, and was born about 1590. He was educated at Winchester school, and at New college, Oxford, of which he was chosen a fellow in 1609. He took the degree of bachelor of civil law in 1614; was admitted at Doctors' commons in 1618; and two years later was appointed regius professor of law at Oxford. He represented the burgh of Hythe in Kent in several parliaments towards the close of the reign of James I. In 1625 he was nominated principal of St. Alban's hall, and chancellor of the diocese of Oxford. He was subsequently appointed by Charles I. judge of the high court of admiralty, but was deprived of this office during the Commonwealth. He assisted in drawing up the reasons against the Solemn League and Covenant, published by the university of Oxford in 1647. He submitted, however, to the parliamentary visitors in 1648, and was allowed to retain his university offices. At the Restoration he was reinstated in his situation as judge of the admiralty court, but died soon after, on the 6th of March, 1661. Dr. Zouch was the author of the following works:— "Elementa Jurisprudentiæ, definitionibus, regulis, et sententiis selectioribus juris civilis illustrata," 8vo, 1629; "Descriptio juris et judicii feudalis, secundum consuetudines Mediolani et Normanniæ, pro introductione ad jurisprudentiam Anglicanam," 8vo, 1634; "Descriptio juris et judicii temporalis, secundum consuetudines feudales et Normannicas," 4to, 1636; "Descriptio juris et judicii ecclesiastici, secundum canones et consuetudines Anglicanas," 4to, 1636; "Descriptiones juris et judicii sacri, juris et judicii militaris, et juris et judicii maritimi," 4to, 1640; "Juris et judicii fecialis, sive juris inter gentes, &c., explicatio," 4to, 1650; "Cases and Questions resolved at Civil Law," 8vo, 1652; "Solutio quæstionis de legati delinquentis judice competente," 8vo, 1657; "Eruditionis ingenuæ specimen, scilicet artium, logicæ dialecticæ," &c., 8vo, 1657; "Quæstionum juris civilis centuria in decem classes distributa," 8vo, 1660; "The Jurisdiction of the Admiralty Courts asserted against Sir Edward Coke's Articuli Admiralitatis, in the twenty-second chapter of his Jurisdiction of Courts," 8vo, 1663—a posthumous publication. Dr. Zouch also wrote an indifferent poem called "The Dove," published in 1613; and an anonymous pamphlet entited "Specimen quæstionum juris civilis," 4to, 1653, has been ascribed to him.—J. T.
ZOUCH, Thomas, a learned divine, born at Sandal, near Wakefield, in Yorkshire, in 1737, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he was some time fellow. In 1770 he was presented by that college to the rectory of Wycliffe in Yorkshire, and in 1805, to a prebendal stall in Durham cathedral. His principal works are as follows—"The Crucifixion," a Seaton prize poem, 1765; "An Enquiry into the Prophetic Character of the Romans, as described in Daniel viii. 23—25;" "An Attempt to Illustrate some of the Prophecies of the Old and New Testament;" "Memoir of the Life and Writings of Sir Philip Sidney;" "Memoir of the Life of John Sudbury, dean of Durham;" and several single sermons. He also edited Walton's Lives, with Notes, and the Life of the Author, 1796. He refused the bishopric of Carlisle in 1807, on account of his advanced age. He died December 17, 1815.—T. J.
ZSCHOKKE, Johann Heinrich Daniel, a German writer of distinction, was born at Magdeburg, 22nd March, 1771. He completed his education in the university of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he began lecturing. Being refused a chair, he travelled through Germany, France, and Switzerland, and was placed at the head of an academy at Reichenau, in the Grisons. He became naturalized in Switzerland, and took a most active and prominent part in her political convulsions during the French revolution and the Napoleonic empire. Yet amid all these troubles he found leisure for literary labours. While at Frankfort he had attempted dramatic poetry, and his "Abällino, der grosse Bandit," had met with greater success than it deserved. At Reichenau he had become attracted by the history of his adopted country; he published in short intervals a history of the Grisons—"Geschichte des Untergangs der Schweizerischen Berg; und Waldkantone-Bilder aus der Schweiz," 5 vols.; and, above all, "Geschichte des Schweizerlandes für das Schweizervolk." At the same time he exercised a most beneficent influence on the mind of the people by his periodicals—Der Schweizerbote, since 1804; Miscellen für die neueste Weltkunde, 1807-13; and Erheiterungen. Among the rest of his works, his "History of Bavaria;" his "Selbstschau," a kind of autobiography; and his tales and his hours of devotion—"Stunden der Andacht," 8 vols., which went through about thirty editions—must be noticed. The last-named work, in which modern rationalism has found its warmest and most eloquent expression, was published anonymously, and notwithstanding its brilliant success, Zschokke could only with difficulty be prevailed upon to disclose the secret of his authorship. Zschokke died at Aarau, 27th June, 1848. —(See Life by Münch, Haag, 1831.)—K. E.
ZUCCARELLI or ZUCCHERELLI, Francesco, R.A., a clever and once a very popular landscape painter, was born at Pitigliano, near Florence, in 1702, and died at Florence in 1788. He visited this country in 1752, was chosen one of the original thirty-six members of the Royal Academy in 1768, but returned to Italy in 1773. His pictures scarcely rise above the character of decorative work.—R. N. W.
ZUCCARINI, Joseph Gerhard, a celebrated German botanist, was born at Munich on 10th August, 1797, and died on 18th February, 1848. He devoted himself to botany in 1819, and studied under Schrank. He early assisted Martius in his Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Brasiliensium; and he described the plants of Japan which were collected by Siebold. He determined sixteen hundred and fifty species of Japanese flowering plants. He enters fully into the character of the flora as contrasted with that of other countries, and gives philosophic views of botanical geography. He was elected professor of botany at Munich; and he was honoured by the king of the Netherlands with the order of knight of the lion. He published a monograph of American oxalidaceæ, a flora of Munich, "Remarks on the Vegetation of Bavaria," and a "History of the Vegetable Kingdom."—J. H. B.
ZUCCARO or ZUCCHERI, the name of two brothers, Roman painters, of Sant' Angelo in Vado. The elder, Taddeo, was born in 1529, and was much patronized by the Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, for whom he executed some extensive works at his villa of Caprarola; they are engraved by Prenner. He painted also for Popes Julius III. and Paul IV., and among other frescoes executed some popular works for the church of the Consolazione at Rome, where he died on the 2nd of September, 1566. He lived thirty-seven years and a day, and was buried by the side of Raphael in the Pantheon. His figures are chiefly of a portrait character, and in the costume of his own day; he seldom painted the nude.—His brother, Federigo, though an inferior painter, and very mannered in his style, acquired a much greater name than Taddeo. He was born in 1543, and was the pupil and assistant of his brother, whose unfinished works, at his death, were completed by Federigo. He acquired great notoriety in Florence by his colossal frescoes in the dome of the cathedral, which he painted for the Grand Duke Francesco I. Gregory XIII. afterwards employed him in Rome; and in 1574
