he was in this country, and painted two portraits of Queen Elizabeth, one of which, a remarkable picture, is at Hampton court. In 1586 Federigo visited Spain on the invitation of Philip II., who rewarded him magnificently for some paintings executed in the Escurial. He was the first president of the Roman Academy of St. Luke, which he was instrumental in founding. A small work he published, entitled "l'Idea de' Pittori, Scultori, e Architetti," Turin, 1607, has been much ridiculed for its bombastic style. He died at Ancona in 1609.—R. N. W.
ZUMALACARREGUI, Tomas, better known as El tio Tomas, a Spanish general, was born in 1788, of a noble family. When the French invasion of 1808 took place, he abandoned his legal studies at Pamplona, and entered the army. He served under Mina, and in 1822 commanded two battalions of the king's army, as opposed to the constitutionalists. Owing to his supposed Carlist inclinations, he was displaced and arrested; but on the death of Ferdinand he was offered the rank of brigadier-general if he would attach himself to the queen's cause. He refused, and set himself to raise a small army in the cause of Don Carlos, who soon afterwards joined him in person. He defeated the best generals of the queen's army successively in the valley of Amescoas at Viana, at Vittoria, and again in the valley of Amescoas in the course of 1834—35; but while reconnoitering near Bilboa he received a wound, of which he died, June 25, 1835.—F. M. W.
ZUMPT, Karl Gottlob, a distinguished German Latinist, was born at Berlin, 20th March, 1792. He studied at Heidelberg under Creuzer, and at Berlin under F. A. Wolf, Heindorf, and Boeckh. As early as 1812 he became a master in one of the Berlin gymnasia, and in 1827 was promoted to an extraordinary, and eleven years later to an ordinary professorship in the Berlin university. His merits as a teacher were of no common order, and by his Latin grammar he has greatly contributed to the improvement of this branch of instruction. Equally valuable were his editions of Quintilian's Institutiones, of Quintus Curtius, and of Cicero's In Verrem and De Officiis. He also published a great number of treatises on various subjects of Roman antiquity, most of which appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Berlin, of which he was a member. He died at Karlsbad, 25th June, 1849.—K. E.
ZURBARAN, Francisco, was born at Fuente de Cantos in Estremadura in 1598, and died at Madrid in 1662. He studied under Juan de Roélas at Seville, and adopted so forcible a style that he has been called the Spanish Caravaggio. Seville has a good collection of Zurbaran's works, which are not common out of Spain. His masterpiece is considered "St. Thomas Aquinas," in the gallery at Seville. He lived in great consideration at Madrid, enjoying the post of royal painter both to Philip III. and Philip IV. He was distinguished for his management of white draperies, which he painted carefully from the lay-figure. The National gallery possesses a Franciscan monk by him.—R. N. W.
ZWINGLI, Ulrich, the Swiss reformer, was born at Wildhaus, in the sequestered Alpine valley of the Toggenburg, on the 1st of January, 1484. His father Ulrich was ammann, or head man of the valley, and was able to give him every advantage of education. He received his first instruction under the eye of his uncle, Bartholomäus Zwingli, who was pastor of Wesen, and from his tenth year he attended the schools of Basle and Berne, where he highly distinguished himself by his talents and progress. At Berne the Dominicans were anxious to gain him for their order, but his father saved him from that danger by removing him from Berne in 1499, and sending him to the university of Vienna. Here he remained for two years, which he devoted to the study of philosophy and the Roman classics, in close association with two like-minded countrymen—Joachim vom Watt of St. Gall, or Vadianus, and Heinrich Loreti of Glarus, or Glareanus—to whom he became much attached, and who afterwards proved zealous coadjutors with him in the great work of his life. In 1501 he returned to Wildhaus, and in 1502 he repaired to Basle, with the double view of continuing his studies at the university and of filling the office of teacher in the school of St. Martin. Here he added Wolfgang Capito and Leo Juda to the number of his friends, and shared with them the privilege of sitting at the feet of Thomas Wittenbach, one of the professors of the university, who added a deep knowledge of the scriptures to extensive classical learning, and made it his care to lead the minds of his students to the divine fountain-head of truth. "The time is at hand," said he, "when the scholastic theology will be done away, and the old doctrine of the church will be restored again upon the foundations of the word of God. Indulgences are a deception of Rome; the death of Christ is the one only ransom for our sins." Words like these made a deep impression upon the mind of Zwingli, which was already opening to the truth, and gave him an impulse in the direction of bible studies, which led to the happiest results. In 1506 he took the degree of M.A., and having received priest's orders from the bishop of Constance, he preached his first sermon at Rapperschwyl, on the lake of Zurich, and read his first mass at Wildhaus. In the same year he was chosen to be one of the pastors of Glarus, and entered upon his functions with a high sense of their importance, and in a tone of deep moral earnestness. "I will be true and upright," said he to himself, "both towards God and man, in all the relations of life into which God leads me." His sense of the value and nobleness of truth was profound. "By nothing can man become liker to God than by truth. The more a man honours and loves truth, the nearer and liker to God he becomes. Falsehood is the beginning of all evil. To lie and play the hypocrite is worse than to steal. Truth is glorious and full of majesty, wickedness itself is compelled to stand in awe of it." He continued for ten years at Glarus, devoting himself with equal ardour to the improvement of his own knowledge and gifts as a preacher, and to the promotion of all the interests of the people committed to his charge. Applying himself to the Greek language, he wrote out all the epistles of Paul with his own hand, and committed to memory almost the whole text of the Greek Testament. The writings of Picus and Erasmus, of which he was an assiduous student, improved his philosophical culture and literary taste, and led him into a deeper acquaintance with the great authors of Greece and Rome. As a classical scholar he was second only to Melancthon among the reformers. But he was no mere student, even in those years of severe and successful study; he was equally remarkable as a man of business and a practical reformer. He established a grammar-school in the canton for the improvement of the education of youth. He kept a vigilant eye upon the politics of the confederation, and both as a preacher and author laboured zealously for the correction of public faults and abuses. In 1512, and again in 1515, he followed the banner of Glarus across the Alps into the plains of Lombardy, and bore a heroic part in the famous and fatal field of Marignano, where so many of his brave countrymen fell in the thankless service of the pope against France. His patriotic heart bled at the sight of the corruptions and calamities entailed upon the cantons by the long-established practice of hiring out their swords to foreign princes; and he was already sufficiently alive to the abuses and superstitions of Rome, to lament that Swiss blood should be poured out like water in the service of papal ambition. On his return to Glarus, his pulpit resounded with eloquent denunciations of the innumerable evils connected with the practice; and he stood out prominently before his countrymen for some years as a preacher of political and social reform, before he became known as a religious and ecclesiastical reformer. In 1516 he removed from Glarus to Einsiedeln, the chief holy place of the cantons, where he preached with increasing light and power to the crowds of devotees who flocked thither at all the great festivals. Many who came to buy indulgences were so impressed by his preaching that they threw their money into the poor-box, and departed trusting for pardon and peace in the ransom-blood of Christ alone. The fruits of his long and earnest study of God's word were now ripening fast. Spiritual light and life were rapidly converting the high-minded republican censor into the humble and fervent evangelist and missionary; and when on the 1st of January, 1519, he began his ministry in the Great Minster of Zurich—to which he had been appointed preacher by the chapter—on that day began also the Reformation in Switzerland, contemporaneously with and quite independently of the Saxon Reformation, which had been inaugurated by Luther a twelvemonth before.
The history of Zwingli from this date to his death in 1531 is the history of the Reformation in Zurich and the other cantons and of the Swiss Reformation in relation to the Reformation of Germany; and as such it cannot be traced here even in the most rapid outlines. We can only set down the principal dates. In 1519, almost immediately after his settlement in Zurich, he preached with such power against the sale of indulgences as practised by Samson, the Tetzel of Switzerland, that the magis-
