the Berlin Geographical Society, and the Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde. From the year 1830, preparing for the portion of his great work which was to embrace Europe, he was accustomed to take yearly journeys into almost all countries in this division of the globe. Without doubt, Ritter was the greatest geographer of modern times. His thorough learning and complete mastery of the subject appear in all his descriptions.—S. D.
RIVAROL, Anthony de, Count, was born on the 7th April, 1753, at Bagnols in Languedoc. He was not of patrician birth, and it is not known how he obtained his title. Rivarol was originally intended for the profession of a priest; but that profession was falling fast into discredit in France. He therefore turned soldier; and then, after a brief experience of one or two other occupations, he went to Paris to try his fortune as a literary man. His wit and his social qualities achieved for him success, and he became known both by his brilliant sayings and by the sharpness of his satirical writings. His "Discourse on the Universality of the French Language," was of a more solid and ambitious kind than his previous productions. It was honoured with signal approbation by the Academy of Berlin. Rivarol now became one of the most popular and powerful of French journalists; and for ten years before and ten years after the French revolution, journalism had an empire which it is never likely to possess again. Rivarol went in 1792 to Brussels, then to England, then to Hamburg, then finally to Berlin, where, on the 11th April, 1801, he died. He had planned a comprehensive dictionary of the French language, and he issued a prospectus thereof. Likewise he was one of the numerous translators of Dante. There has lately been an endeavour to rehabilitate the memory of Rivarol. But when a man has been more distinguished for his conversational ability than for his superiority as an author, and when besides his writings have been mainly of an ephemeral character, it is not easy to revive an interest either in his writings or in himself. Rivarol remains then one of those brilliant phantoms that pass before us in the mighty procession of history, and that we strive in vain to fix for a moment in order soberly to delineate them. A younger brother of Rivarol gained a name both in war and in literature. The wife of Count Anthony was an Englishwoman. She wrote the life of her husband in two volumes. Moreover, she translated various works from the English. It may perhaps be reckoned among Rivarol's services that he turned into ridicule the poetry of Delille. Much as the politics of France needed renovation, the poetry of France needed it far more. And it was a meritorious labour to break to pieces frigid rhetoric in rhyme.—W. M—l.
RIVERS, Anthony, Lord Woodville, son of Sir Richard Woodville and of his celebrated wife, Jaquetta of Luxemburg, was born about 1442. He was accomplished in all the martial and courtly graces of that warlike period. As brother to the queen of Edward IV., he was raised to a position above the barons of higher lineage, and was thereby exposed to envy. His ambition was great enough to make him aspire to the hand of Mary of Burgundy. In 1483 he was with the boy Prince Edward at Ludlow on the marches of Wales, when King Edward IV. died. On their march to London young Edward was induced by the machinations of the duke of Gloucester to part with his strong guard; and at Stony-Stratford all the members of the Woodville family, including Lord Rivers, were seized, carried off to Pontefract, and there put to death without trial or sentence.—(See Sandford's Genealogical History.)—R. H.
RIVET, Andrew, a French divine and professor of theology, was born at St. Maixent in 1572, and educated at La Rochelle and at Bearn. After his academic course was completed he was presented to a benefice at Sedan, and afterwards at Thouars, which he held till 1620, in which year he left France, and after visiting Oxford, finally settled at Leyden as professor of theology. He there led a laborious life, and was unflinching in his zeal against all theological innovation. Along with Voet and others he vehemently opposed the new philosophy of Descartes, and he was keenly hostile to the hypothetic universalism of Amyrald and others. He died in 1647. He presented a number of valuable MSS. to the university of Oxford, and the university in return gave him the honorary title of D.D. His works—commentaries, discourses, and controversial tracts—have been published in three folio volumes; Rotterdam, 1651. Rivet was a man of genuine piety as well as learning, and when in France was a frequent representative in the ecclesiastical assemblies.—J. E.
RIVET DE LA GRANGE, Antoine, a learned French author, was born in 1683, at Confolens in Poitou, and in his youth became a monk of the order of St. Benedict. He died in 1749. Besides writing the lives of several distinguished members of the Society of Port Royal—"Necrologie de Port Royal des Champs"—he spent upwards of thirty years in compiling a history of the progress of literature in France, in nine quarto volumes. Since his death the history has been continued to fifteen volumes, the last of which was published in 1820.—J. E.
RIVINGTON, the publishing house of, is the oldest in the metropolis, and has been carried on to the present day without the admission of any partner not bearing the surname of the original founder of the firm, Charles Rivington. He was born at Chesterfield in Derbyshire towards the close of the seventeenth century, and showing in early life a love for books of theology, was sent to London to become a theological bookseller. In 1711 he became a freeman of the city, and started as a bookseller about 1714 at the sign of the Bible and Crown in St. Paul's churchyard. It was he who with Osborne recommended to Richardson (see Richardson, Samuel) the composition of the volume of Familiar Letters which led to the production of Pamela. Charles Rivington died in 1742, and was succeeded by his son John, born in 1719. The first John Rivington was bookseller to the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, and started a new Annual Register; in 1775 he was master of the Stationers' Company. He died in 1792, and was succeeded by two sons. In 1793 they established the once well known British Critic, which the firm continued to publish until its death in 1843. The present head of the firm, by which the Annual Register is still published, is Mr. John Rivington, a great-great-grandson of the founder of the house.—F. E.
RIVINUS, Augustus Quirinus, a distinguished German botanist, was born at Leipsic in 1652, and died in 1725. He was educated at the university of his native city, and took his degree of M.D. there. He became professor of anatomy and botany. In 1690 he published "Introductio generalis in Rem Herbariam," which was a work of great merit at the time, and contained the author's views on the subject of classification. He divided the vegetable kingdom into eighteen classes or orders, founded on the form of the corolla; the method was an artificial one, and inferior to that of Ray.—J. H. B.
RIVOLI. See Massena.
RIZI, Don Francisco, one of the principal Spanish painters of the seventeenth century, was born at Madrid in 1608, and was taught his art in the school of Vincenzo Carduccio, a Florentine then in the service of Philip III. Rizi was an able but superficial painter both in fresco and in oil, and is one of those who hastened the decline of the art in Spain. In 1653 he was appointed painter to the cathedral of Toledo, and in 1656 principal painter to Philip IV.; he held the same place under Charles II. There are many of Rizi's works in the churches of Madrid and Toledo; and there are some in the royal gallery of the Prado at Madrid. While employed at the Escurial under Charles II., Rizi was seized with morbid illness, and died in 1685.—(Cean Bermudez, Diccionario Historico, &c.)—R. N. W.
* RIZO-RANGABÉ, Alexander, a distinguished living writer and politician of Greece, was born at Constantinople in 1810, the son of John Rizo-Rangabé, author of Hellenica, a description of ancient and modern Greece. In 1829 he became an officer in the Bavarian army. He went to Greece in the following year in the same capacity; but on the formation of the new kingdom of Greece he quitted the military for the civil service of the state, and was appointed successively councillor to the ministry of public instruction and to the ministry of the interior. In 1841 he became director of the royal printing office, and in 1844 professor of archæology at the university of Athens. In conjunction with Dr. Bursian he excavated the temple of Juno at Argos, and discovered many valuable remains. He was appointed minister of the royal household and of foreign affairs in 1856. He sits in the house of representatives for the university of Athens. Besides valuable antiquarian works he has published various dramatic and other poems, which abound in beautiful and eloquent passages, almost justifying the author's ambitious aspiration to revive the literary glory of his country. He married a daughter of Mr. Finlay the historian.—R. H.
RIZZIO. See Riccio.
ROBBIA, Luca Della, a famous Italian sculptor and worker in enamelled terra-cotta, was born at Florence in 1400. He was at an early age placed with a noted goldsmith of that city,
