French occupancy. It was named from Queen Anne on its capture by the British in 1710, and was ceded to the British Crown in 1713. See Nova Scotia.
Ann Arbor, Mich., an important town and railroad center, the county seat of Washtenaw County, situated midway between Detroit and Jackson on the Huron River. It is the seat of the University of Michigan, University School of Music and the Ann Arbor High School. This latter institution supplements or prepares its students for the University and its enrollment embraces pupils from all parts of Michigan and of the United States as well as foreign countries. It has many important manufacturing concerns, mills, machine shops, etc. Population, 14,817.
Anne, queen of England from 1702 to 1714. She was born near London in 1665, was the daughter
of James II, and married Prince George of Denmark. She came to the throne at the death of her brother-in-law, William III.
During her reign occurred the War of the Spanish Succession, in which the Duke of Marlborough won his famous victories. The union of England and Scotland under the name of Great Britain was made while she was queen. Her reign is known as the Queen Anne age of literature, because of the many illustrious writers of the period: Addison, Pope, Dryden, Swift, Defoe and the great scientist, Isaac Newton. Though the mother of 17 children, Queen Anne left no heirs, and was the last sovereign of the house of Stuart.
Anne Boleyn. See Boleyn, Anne.
Anneal'ing, the process of tempering certain metals and glass to increase their tenacity and render them less brittle by cooling them slowly after they have been submitted to a high temperature of heat. Badly annealed glass, it is well known, will break with a sudden change of temperature, and to obviate this glass vessels are annealed in trays in a long oven, one end of which is hotter than the other— the process of annealing being to draw the trays slowly into cooler and cooler portions of the oven. Cast iron is similarly annealed for tinning; while steel and other metals are tempered after much the same process is undergone. The annealing of the softer metals is done by immersion in boiling water, which is then slowly cooled.
An'niston, Ala., a progressive city, the county seat of Cathoun County, situated in the Blue Ridge chain of mountains. It is located on the Southern, the Louisville and Nashville and other railroads, about 62 miles east by north of Birmingham. It has an extensive mining and manufacturing trade and exports largely of coal, iron, cotton and lumber. A number of educational institutions have their seat here, including the Anniston College for young ladies, the co-educational Noble Institute and the Barber Memorial Seminary (for colored girls). It has one notable church edifice, that of St. Michael and All Angels. The city dates from 1883. Population, 12,797.
An'nuals. Plants which endure only a single growing season. See Duration.
An'nulus. A structure developed in the wall of the spore-case (sporangium) of the ordinary ferns to assist in discharging the spores. See Filicales.
An'selm, Archbishop of Canterbury, was born in Piedmont in 10330 He studied at Bee in Normandy and became renowned for his learning. He was elected abbot of Bee in 1078, and in 1093 was chosen archbishop of Canterbury in England. Anselm quarreled so fiercely with the king, William Rufus, in regard to the relation of church and state that he was exiled from England. He was recalled by Henry I with whom the quarrel was continued. The controversy was finally settled by a compromise, The king permitted the bishops to be elected, though the election was to take place at his court. The rights of the crown were secured by the act of homage on the part of the bishops when they received their lands; the spiritual rights of the church were recognized by the anointing of the bishops by the archbishop and their investiture with ring and crozier at his hands. Papal jurisdiction was not excluded, but no papal legate could come into England without the king's permission. Anselm was the author of many books on theology and philosophy. He died, in Canterbury in 1109, and was buried there.
Anso'nia, Conn., a city of New Haven County, on the Naugatuck River, near the city of Derby and the junction of the Naugatuck with the Housatonic River. It is on the line of the N. Y., New Haven & Hartford railroad, about 12 miles west of New Haven. It has a number of manufactories, chiefly of brass and copper products, clocks, electrical works, webbing and knitting goods, carriages and hardware. Ansonia was founded in 1844 by Anson Greene Phelps, and the public library of the city was erected to his memory by his granddaughters. Population 15,152.
Ant, an insect related to bees and wasps. More than two thousand species have been described. One authority thinks there are probably as many as 5,000. All ants are social, and live in communities, old ones con-
