Christians was first given to the disciples of Christ in this city. It Was captured by the Saracens and the Crusaders. Once richer than Rome itself, but devastated by earthquakes and impoverished by conquests, it was finally razed to the ground by the Mamelukes, in 1269. The "Queen of the East," as it was called, is now only a small town.
Antip'odal Cells (in plants). A group of cells developed in the embryo-sac of Angiosperms. See EMBRYO-SAC.
Ant-Lion, the larva of an insect common in the United States and belonging to the order Neuroptera. The larva is armed with long jaws. It constructs in the sand a funnel-shaped pit one or two inches across. It then conceals itself at the bottom with its pincer-like jaws protruding into the funnel. Ants and other insects slide into the pitfall and are devoured b^ the larva. The adult form is a graceful insect with four delicate wings and a slender body.
Antonel'li (ān'tō-něl'le), Cardinal Giacomo, was born in Italy in 1806, and died at Rome, November 6, 1876. He was raised to the cardinalate in 1847, an(l was for a time secretary of foreign affairs for the papal states. As a champion of the papal interest, he strenuously opposed the union of Italy, under Victor Emmanuel. He was chief adviser and prime minister of Pope Pius IX, and during the Italian revolution of 1848 he accompanied his Holiness in his flight to the seaport of Gaeta.
Antoni'nus (ān'tō-nī'nǔs) Pi'us, a Roman emperor, was born in 86 A. D. He was adopted by the Emperor Hadrian and succeeded him in the year 138. His reign was peaceful and prosperous. He is quoted as saying: "I had rather preserve the life of a citizen than destroy a thousand enemies." He encouraged everything that was good, helped the poor, lessened the taxes and well earned the title: "Father of his Country." He was called Pius (pious), because he built a temple in honor of his adopted father Hadrian. He died 161 A. D.
An'tony, Mark, a great Roman general, was born at Rome in 83 B. C. He fought bravely as a soldier in Syria, Egypt and Gaul under Caesar, whose firm friend he became. He took part in Caesar's great victory of Pharsalia, and with him was made consul in 44 B. C. After Caesar was killed, Antony, with Augustus and Lepidus, formed a government called the Triumvirate, which defeated the republican army of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. Some time after, Antony visited Greece and Asia, and met the beautiful Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. His love for her made him forget the provinces he was to govern. When at last he turned his attention to them, he ruled so much like a despot that Augustus sent an army against him, which defeated him in the naval battle of Actium, Cleopatra cowardly sailing away with her ships, and Antony too much in love to stay behind her even to fight for his honor. Soon afterward Mark Antony killed himself (30 B.C.).
An' trim, a county and town in the northeast of Ireland, noted for its extensive manufactures of linen. The capital of the county,—which, as it was largely colonized from Scotland, is preponderatingly Protestant—is Belfast. Antrim is an old town, with considerable historic interest attached to it. Near it, in the reign of Edward III, a battle was fought between the English and the Irish; and, during the troubles of the year 1798, a British force encountered, at Antrim, a body of rebellious "United Irishmen," and defeated them. The county of Antrim has an area of 1,211 square miles, with a population of 478,603.
Ant'werp, the main seaport of Belgium. Its cathedral is a fine specimen of Gothic architecture. The paintings in it are by Rubens; among them is his best work, The Descent from the Cross. Antwerp is over a thousand years old. It is to-day the chief military arsenal and the principal commercial city and seaport of the kingdom. The province of the same name (Antwerp or Anvers), has an area of 1,093 square miles, with a population of 825,156. At the beginning of the i6th century the city was at the height of its prosperity, with a population of over 200,000, a world-wide commerce, and having 2,500 ships at a time in its harbor. Its noted citadel was built by the Duke of Alva, and has endured many sieges, especially one of thirteen months by the Duke of Parma. Population, 317,171.
Apa'ches (ā-pā'chāz), a tribe of Indians that inhabit Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Mexico. They are the most treacherous and bloodthirsty of Indians, and live by hunting and robbery. They have no single chief. By a system of mountain signals they can gather at short notice a large body of warriors.
Ape, the name often applied to any monkey, but here confined to the tailless, semi-erect forms that most nearly approach man in structure. This includes the chimpanzee, orang-outang, gorilla and the gibbon. They are all inhabitants of the old world. The term man-like ape applied to these forms is significant of their likeness in structure to man. In fact, man differs structurally from these apes no more than they differ among themselves. It requires some anatomical knowledge to appreciate the differences. Those in the brain are often referred to, but even in that organ it is largely a difference in size, in convolutions and microscopic structure. The convolution containing the brain-cells that preside over speech (convolution of Brocca) is deficient in the apes, and there are, of
