on the continent lighted by electricity. As a manufacturing town, its wools are especially famous. Back of the city, on a height of 984 feet, rises the castle of Spielberg, where the unfortunate Italian author, Silvio Pellico, was imprisoned from 1822 to 1830. The population numbers 109,346, almost half of whom are Czechs.
Bru'no, Giordano, an Italian philosopher who lived during the last half of the 16th century. Concerning his parents and the date of his birth almost nothing is known. His life was spent largely in lecturing in many of the principal cities of western Europe, including Padua, Geneva, Paris, London, Oxford, Wittenberg, Prague. His chief service lies in the energetic and successful war which he waged against the scholasticism of his times, and in particular against the lifeless physics of Aristotle.
A contemporary of Tycho Brahe and Kepler, he expanded the system of Copernicus and prepared the way for Galileo. Even from these few lines, it will be evident that he was just the type of man which the Inquisition was looking for. At the hands of this institution he received the verdict of "guilty," in February of 1600. Punishment was prescribed in the following customary hypocritical sentence: Ut quam clementissime, et citra sanguinis effusionem puniretur, "to be punished with the utmost clemency and without shedding of blood." He was accordingly burned at the stake in Rome on the 17th of February, 1600.
Bruns'wick, Duchy of, a state of northern Germany, made up of three larger and five smaller distinct parts. Its total area is 1,424 square miles, considerably larger than Rhode Island, and its population is 485,958, most of whom are Saxons and belong mainly to the Lutheran church. The country is rich in minerals, and agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. The capital is the city of Brunswick, population, 136,397. Brunswick was a part of Saxony under Charlemagne, but in 1235 it became a duchy. It now holds the ninth place among the states of the German empire.
Brunswick, Ga., a city, the county seat of Glynn County, in the southeast part of the State, on St. Simon's Sound, about nine miles from the Atlantic, with a commodious and safe harbor. It is reached by the Southern Railroad, the Plant System and the Seaboard Air Line, and lies about 90 miles south-southwest of Savannah. It is also reached by steamships plying from Boston and New York. The place was settled early in the 18th century by James Oglethorpe, and is a favorite summer and winter resort, made attractive by its historic interests and many attractions, including St. Simon's Island, Cumberland Island (where sleeps Light-Horse Harry Lee), the Carnegie Dungeness Castle and the Jekyl Island Club. Its exports embrace oysters (canned), vegetables (also canned), besides cotton, phosphates, tar, rosin, turpentine and pine lumber. Population, 10,182.
Bruns'wick, Germany, the capital of the duchy of Brunswick, is situated on the Ocker, 143 miles southwest of Berlin. Founded in the 9th century by Bruno, duke of Saxony, it was enlarged by Henry the Lion and became an important member of the Hanseatic League. It has annual fairs of some importance and a large trade. The ducal palace is a fine modern building, and there are a number of picturesque old structures. The museum is valuable. Population, 143,534.
Brunswick, Me., a town in Cumberland County, at the head of navigation on the Androscoggin River and on the Maine Central Railroad, opposite Topsham, and nine miles west of Bath. It possesses good water-power for its many manufactures, which include cotton goods, wood pulp, flour, wooden ware, etc. The town was settled early in the 17th century and incorporated in 1717; in early times it was known as Pejepscot, a local history of the region being published at Boston in 1878. Population, (1910), 6,621.
Brussels (brŭs'sĕlz), the capital of Belgium and one of the finest cities in Europe, lies on the River Senne. Railroads connect it with the principal towns of Belgium and with France, Germany, and Holland. The lower town, although it contains some fine old churches and some specimens of Gothic architecture, is mostly given up to trade. The upper town is the newest part of the city, and has the finest residences and public buildings, including the king's palace, the chief hotels, residences of foreign ministers, etc. The new palace of justice is a magnificent structure. The old city-walls have been turned into boulevards, and there are a number of noteworthy squares or places, as they are called, such as the Place Royale, with a colossal monument of Godfrey of Bouillon; the Grand Place, where in the 16th century the patriot counts, Egmont and Horn, were beheaded by order of the Spanish Duke of Alva; and the Place of Martyrs, where a memorial has been built to those who fell in the revolution of 1830, by which Belgium became independent. A picture gallery, museum and public library are contained in the Palace of the Fine Arts, and there are a large university and several academies. Besides being the seat of government, Brussels is one of the chief centers of the industry of the country. Its lace is particularly famous; but of the so-called Brussels carpets, only a few are made here, the larger part being man-
