B. C. These two calendar reformers gave their names to the months of July and August. The names and lengths of the months have been the same ever since. There was still a small error, however, for the real year, the circle of the seasons, is 11 minutes and a few seconds less than 365¼ days. Consequently, by making every fourth year 366 days long the calendar in every four years runs more than 44 minutes ahead of the seasons. By 1500 this error amounted to about 10 days. Then Pope Gregory XIII, on March 1, 1582, decreed that 10 days should be taken out of that year, so that October 5 should count as October 15. Moreover, in order that the mistake might not occur again, he decreed that years ending with two ciphers should not count as leap years, unless the first two digits formed of themselves a number divisible by four. Thus 1900 is not a leap year, but 2000 is. This means that in every four hundred years three leap years will be dropped, that is, three days omitted. We are now dating everything according to this Gregorian calendar. But it was not until 1751 that England adopted the Gregorian reform; and by that time the error in the Julian calendar had increased to 12 days. Parliament then decreed that the day after September 2, 1752, should count as September 14, omitting 11 days, greatly to the consternation of ignorant people. At the same time it was decreed that the year, which had before commenced with March 25 should henceforth begin with January 1. There have been no reforms since then in our calendar. Around 1752 it is not unusual to find two dates given, one according to the old or Julian style, and the other according to the new or Gregorian. The only countries that still adhere to the old style are those that belong to the Greek Church, such as Russia, Greece, Servia, Bulgaria, etc. At the time of the French Revolution the French invented a new calendar, but Napoleon I restored the Gregorian calendar to France.
Calgary (kăl′gȧ-rī), situated at the confluence of Bow and Elbow Rivers, is the largest and most important city in the Canadian middle west. It is only 70 miles east of the Rocky Mountains. Its situation seems to guarantee for it a continuance of its phenomenal growth. Years ago the Canadian Pacific Railway authorities regarded it as a fixed commercial center.
As a ranching center Alberta is unsurpassed in the whole world. For a considerable time southern Alberta was little else than an immense ranch. The west continued to grow, the railways extended farther and farther in all directions. Wheat-growing was tried with astonishing success and all was changed. A grain of wheat planted in the autumn and ripening in the summer brought about the change. Winter wheat has made Alberta famous. This fact is one of the guarantees of the growth and prosperity of Calgary, the population of which is now about 44,000. Another is the irrigation system which the Canadian Pacific Railway constructed on a scale larger than anything heretofore attempted on this continent. In this case irrigation is another word for intensive agriculture and a growing population. Forty thousands of acres of grazing lands are proving through irrigation to be valuable winter-wheat lands.
The Canadian Pacific gives good service to Calgary. The Canadian Northern is fast approaching it from two directions. A road to Hudson Bay is more than a mere possibility. The Grand Trunk Pacific will reach Calgary before the end of 1909. The Great Northern (Mr. Hill's road) is to come to Calgary, and will bring the southwest part of Alberta in touch with it. This road will bring cheaper coal. In a word, more railroads are projected into Calgary than to any point west of Winnipeg.
Extensive coal-beds surround Calgary on all sides. The Canadian Northern Railway is using this coal, and it contributes to make Calgary a successful manufacturing center. West of Winnipeg, Calgary is the leading place for wholesale houses. Its custom receipts grew from $176,134,000 in 1904 to $604,358,000 in 1907. The freight receipts of the city (C. P. Ry.) in 1903 amounted to 94,000 tons and in 1907 to 291,000 tons. Its educational facilities are a credit to its spirit of foresight and enterprise. Its normal school (a handsome well-equipped structure) furnishes adequate professional training for the district surrounding it. It also has prosperous churches and a good hospital. It bids fair to be a considerable city in the near future. Calgary is the headquarters of the British Columbia Land and Irrigation Departments of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
Calhoun (kăl-ho͞on′), John Caldwell an American statesman, was born in Abbeville County, South Carolina, in 1782. He graduated at Yale College with high honors, studied law and after serving in the state legislature was sent to Congress. He took an active part in urging the war with England in 1812 and many other measures. After six years in the house of representatives, he became secretary of war in the cabinet of President Monroe, and in 1824 was elected vice-president of the United States, and four years later was again elected to the same office. He became about this time an advocate of free-trade, and believed in the doctrine of state sovereignty or state rights. He was the author of the South Carolina Exposition,
