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thermodynamics. (See Magie's translation of Carnot's paper in Harper's Scientific Memoirs).
Carob (kdr'ob) or locust tree, a native of the Mediterranean countries. In size and manner of growth it is somewhat like the apple tree, but has dark, evergreen leaves. The fruit is a brown, leathery pod, four to eight inches long, containing fleshy and, at the last, spongy and mealy pulp of an agreeable, sweet taste, in which lie a number of brown seeds, like flattened beans. The sweet pulp makes the pods an important article of food to the poorer classes. They are also used as food for horses and cattle. They are sometimes called St. John's bread, in allusion to the tradition that they are the locusts which formed the food of John the Baptist in the wilderness. They are also thought to be the husks in the parable of the Prodigal Son. Some carob trees yield 800 or 900 pounds of pods. A preserve and a kind of sugar are sometimes made from the pulp. The carob is not the same as the American locust.
Carol I, King of Rumania, was born in Germany April 20, 1839, the son of Prince Carl of Hohenzollern. He was a lieutenant in the Prussian army, when, in 1866, he was chosen prince of Rumania, then a dependency of Turkey. In 1881 he declared Rumania independent and was proclaimed its king. He has ruled successfully.
Caroline Islands, a group of about 500 coral islets, which form part of the German New Guinea protectorate, in the western Pacific, lying between the Marshall and Pelew Islands, with an area of 270 square miles. The Pelew group, sometimes included in the Caroline Archipelego, covers 560 square miles. Three quarters both of the area and the population are to be found in five volcanic islands, which are all fertile and well watered. The people belong to the brown Polynesian stock, are strongly built, and are amiable, gentle and intelligent. They are bold sailors and carry on a thriving trade with the Ladrones to the north, where they have several settlements. Copra, the dried kernel of the cocoanut, is largely pxported. The islands were discovered in 1527 by the Portuguese, and in 1866 were annexed to Spain. In 1885 a dispute arose over the islands between Spain and Germany, which was referred to the pope for decision. He decided in favor of Spain, but gave Germany special trade privileges. In 1899 Germany secured the group by purchase from Spain. For administrative purposes the islands are divided into three groups; the Eastern Carolines, with Ponape as the seat of government; the Western Carolines and the Pelew Islands, with Yap as administrative center; and the Marianne or Ladrone Islands, of which Saipan will be the future seat of government. The
population is mainly of Malay origin, with some Japs and Chinese and about 900 whites. The northern group of the islands, being volcanic, is for the most part uninhabited. In 1898 one of this group of islands, Guam, was ceded to the United States.
Caroline of Brunswick (1768-1821), queen of George IV of England, whom she married in 1795, as Prince of Wales and before that monarch came to the throne. In 1796 she gave birth to the Princess Charlotte, and after this event the prince separated from her; and when in 1820 he became king, he refused to permit her to share the throne as his queen. To induce her to yield, she was offered 50,000 pounds sterling a year if she would leave England; but this she indignantly refused. As the English generally took her side and thought her an ill-treated wife, the government was ill-advised enough to institute proceedings against her for un-chastity. This gave Lord Brougham, while yet at the bar, the opportunity of making an eloquent defense of her cause, which forced the governmen to abandon its divorce bill which it had lobbied through the house of lords. She died a fortnight after she had been refused admittance at Westminster, on the coronation day of her husband.
Carp, a common widely distributed food-fish. The carp family is the largest family of fishes, and embraces, as relatives of the carp proper, the chub, dace, shiners, goldfish, etc. The carp is a hardy, sluggish fish,
CARP
often bred in artificial ponds. It eats water-insects and other small aquatic animals and also leaves of water-plants. It is preyed upon by kingfishers, turtles and crayfishes; while a number of fish feed upon its eggs and young.
Carpaccio, Vittore (ve-to'rd kdr-pa'chd), an Italian artist, was born about 1450 and died in 1525. All that is known of him is that Istria was his birthplace and Venice his home. He belonged to its old school of painters, being one of the most celebrated masters and a rival of Bellini, and put Venice into the backgrounds of his pictures. He excelled as an architectural and landscape painte , but preferred to rjaint sacred subjects dramatically. His histories of Saints Stephen and Ursula are his most celebrated paintings. He was vivid in imagination, natural in expression and correct in arrange-
