city, and reigned over the district until his death, five years later, in 1099. He appears to have been a bold and able soldier and a born leader of men. These adventures and many other things which he never did are told in the Cid Poem, written in the 12th century, probably the oldest literature in the Spanish language. The story of the Cid was told by the storytellers who wandered over the country, welcomed at every castle, where they enlivened the long evenings by telling stories of the national heroes, after making up adventures which they tacked on to the lives of such men as Charlemagne and the Cid. It was from these stories that the poem, with other chronicles and ballads about him, was made. On this story Corneille based his Le Cid and Southey his Chronicle of the Cid.
Cider is the fermented juice of apples. Usually, apples that are sour in taste are used, and late apples make better cider than early ones. The apples after gathering are left to mellow for some days. The juice is crushed out by passing the apples between fluted rollers or in mills of various kinds. The pulp is placed in bags or in wicker-work frames with holes, and the juice is drained into tubs. This juice is kept for the finest quality of cider. The rest is squeezed out in a press. This pressure, especially where unduly great, adds juice from the pipe and skins and gives it a coarser flavor, though in larger quantity. Eight to ten days' fermentation takes place in casks with large bungholes, the vinegary yeast frothing to the top, which is constantly removed. The cider is next freed of the sediment by being placed in fresh casks, and this is repeated in the spring. Champagne cider is made by bottling the juice before it is fully fermented. Cider contains from four to ten per cent. of alcohol.
Cienfuegos (sē′ĕn-fwā′gṓs), a city of Cuba, is in Santa Clara province on the southern side of the island. Its harbor was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and is one of the finest harbors in the West Indies. The port's commercial advance in recent years has been so rapid that Cienfuegos has become the second seaport in Cuba. To-day it is the center of the sugar-trade on the Caribbean coast. The city has well-shaded, attractive streets, its residences are substantially built, and it is lighted by gas and electricity. The climate in summer is oppressive, but the winter climate agreeable. Railroads connect Cienfuegos with Havana and Sagua la Grande on the northern coast and with Santa Clara, the western terminus of the Santiago railway. Steamers give communication with New York. The population is 70,416. During the Spanish-American war the port was long blockaded by the American fleet.
Cimabue (chē′mȧ-bo͞o′ắ), Giovanni, an Italian painter, was born at Florence in 1240. The art of painting had in his day fallen into decay, and Cimabue's attempt to follow nature, painting from a living model, was called “a new thing in these times.” His two madonnas are still preserved in Florence, but he is best known as the teacher of Giotto and as the founder of the Florentine school of painters which included Michael Angelo and Raphael. He died about 1302.
Cimbri (sĭm′brī), a people who, together with the Teutons, came out of the north of Germany, and moving southward fought against the Romans in 113 B. C. At first victorious, they were prevented from ravaging Italy by Marius, who routed them in a battle near Verona in 101 B. C. In this battle they showed the greatest courage, even the women killing themselves and their children when they saw that all was lost. Years later, Cæsar and Tacitus speak of the Cimbri, who appear to have lived, a few in number, in the far north of Germany. They probably belonged to the German race.
Cimon (sī′mŭn), an Athenian commander, was the son of Miltiades, the conqueror at Marathon. At the time of the Persian War he was made one of the two commanders of the Athenian section of the Greek navy, commanded by the Spartan, Pausanias. His greatest encounter was in 466 B. C., with a Persian fleet of 350 ships at the River Eurymedon, when he destroyed or captured 300 vessels and also defeated the Persian land-force on the same day. He became very popular in Athens, but later was opposed by Pericles and the democracy and banished, though he was recalled in five years. He died during one of his sieges, in 449 B. C.
Cincinnati (sĭn′sĭn-nä′tĭ), the second largest city of Ohio and tenth in rank in the United States, is situated on the Ohio River in the southwest part of the state. It is built upon two terraces, the first 60 feet and the second 112 feet above the river, surrounded by a circle of hills, about 450 feet high, forming one of the most beautiful amphitheaters on the continent. The city embraces nearly 30 square miles, extending along the Ohio River for about ten miles. The city and its suburbs cover the surrounding hills, which are reached by a series of street-railways with inclined planes, one having a height of 275 feet. The city is noted for the beauty of its suburbs, which stretch for miles in all directions, with costly residences and large and ornamental grounds. The suspension bridge between Cincinnati and Covington is 2,252 feet in length, and was built at a cost of $2,000,000. There are ten parks and a zoölogical garden; Eden park, covering 199 acres, and Burnet woods, with 163½
