and for the Isthmian Canal service. The chances of appointment in the U. S. Civil Service are understood to be good for teachers, matrons, seamstresses and physicians in the Indian Service, for male stenographers and typewriters, draughtsmen, patent examiners, civil, mechanical and electrical engineers and for technical and scientific experts. Rules and regulations governing the admission of persons into the civil service in large cities and states, such as New York, are also prepared and acted upon through municipal civil service commissioners.
In Great Britain the departments of the civil service are the treasury, the exchequer and audit department, the foreign office (including the diplomatic service), the India, Colonial and Home offices, together with the three revenue-departments of the postoffice, inland revenue and customs. There are others, including the spending departments, the war-office, admiralty, board of trade, board of works, education office, privy council office, the stationery office, agriculture and fisheries, charity commission, ecclesiastical and church estates, government laboratories, observatories and record office, the mint, patent-office, meteorological office, national debt office, the local government board, etc. These are grouped under two grades—I and II—and appointments, for the most part, are made on the competitive plan. See Fish: The Civil Service and the Patronage and Goodnow's Principles of the Administrative Law of the United States (1905).
Civil War, The. See United States.
Cladophyll (klăd′o-fĭl) (in plants), shoots or branches which have replaced leaves in their work and resemble them in form. The so-called leaves of the ordinary smilax of the greenhouses are cladophylls, the true leaves occurring beneath them in the form of small scales. The same word is sometimes written phylloclad.
Claiborne (klā-bôrn), William, an early Virginia colonist and secretary of state for the colony, was born in Westmoreland, England, about the year 1589, and died in Virginia about 1676. He came to Virginia in 1621, where he bought large estates, and ten years later established a trading-post on Kent Island, Md., in Chesapeake Bay, some seven miles from where Annapolis now stands. This island and post were subsequently claimed by Governor Leonard Calvert to belong to Maryland, and in consequence a long dispute ensued between Calvert and Claiborne in respect to it. During the period of the English commonwealth Claiborne took the parliamentary side against the Calverts of Maryland, and subdued Virginia in the name of the protector. Cromwell, however, did not endorse his actions, but restored the Calverts to power, and after the restoration of the Stuarts Claiborne fell in favor and retired to a neglected life upon his colonial estates. There was another of his name, Wm. Charles Cole Claiborne (1775-1817), who was governor of the territory of Mississippi from 1804 to 1812 and governor of Louisiana (1812-16).
Clam, the name applied to the freshwater mussel and similar animals living in salt water. They have bivalve shells, held closed by muscles and open by a springy ligament on the back of the shell; therefore, the shell of a dead clam always stands open. They creep through the mud and sand of the bottom by means of a fleshy foot. A current of water is drawn through a tube and is strained through the plate-like gills; it then passes into a chamber in the body and out by another tube. The food consists of minute animals and organic matter in the water. This is separated by straining the water through the gills, and is carried to the mouth by the movement of small hair-like projections or cilia. The shell is secreted by glands in the mouth, which covers the body, and is enlarged by rings as the animal grows.
Clan (meaning children), a name given to men banded together because of having a common ancestor or because of any other tie; but the word almost always means the divisions of the Scottish Highlanders. The clan was made up of men dwelling together or having a common surname. The affix Mac (meaning son) was a common one among Scottish Gaels: the Macdonalds were the sons of Donald. The members of a clan were usually not all blood-kin; men of various births were in the habit of enlisting under chiefs as men now enlist in a regiment, often taking the chief's name, but often not. The clan was really a military band for self-defense and for pillage. The Scottish law required all clans to have, if possible, a man of rank and property at their head, who could be held responsible for their good conduct. Clans which could find no security were called broken clans; their members were outlaws, and might be hunted down like wild beasts. The McGregors were a noted broken clan; their name was proscribed, and clansmen who wished to live peaceably in the lowlands, changed it slightly, calling themselves Gregor, Gregory, Grierson, etc. In general the great landowners were also mighty chiefs; men from broken clans were often received by the chief into the clan by bonds of man-rent, under which they engaged to follow their captain in all his feuds and quarrels, this being a form of the feudal system. But often the landlord was not the chief, and against his will the people of a clan usually followed their chieftain. The clan's name was kept up, as a reminder of past times, long after the
