nection with the famous Ordinance of 1787. A member of the Ohio Company, formed by the Massachusetts army-officers to settle on Ohio lands, the purchase of the lands from Congress was intrusted to him. Some 5,500,000 acres were bought for the Ohio Company and others, and it was Dr. Cutler's making a condition of the purchase that the new settlers should take with them their own laws, that brought about the passage of the ordinance in its present form, including the anti-slavery clause. Dr. Cutler also was a member of Congress from 1801 to 1805. He died at Hamilton, Mass., July 28, 1823.
Cuttlefish, one of the mollusks, with a head surrounded by eight or ten arms, provided with cup-like suckers. Two of these arms are longer than the others, are enlarged on the ends and are called antennæ. They are related to the chambered nautilus, squid, etc. They have no shell externally, but underneath the skin of the back is found a limy structure called cuttlefish bone. It is often seen in bird-cages. The eyes are large and prominent, and there is a pair of horny jaws in the midst of the cluster of arms. The body is elliptical in outline, and has fins running along each side. It is surrounded by a mantle that also incloses a cavity for the gills, which are two in number. There is a funnel-like tube opening into the mantle-cavity, and the animal can, by contracting muscles, cause the mantle-cavity to close and then throw water out through the funnel or siphon in jets. It can swim forward by the use of the fins, and backward by throwing jets of water through the siphon. These animals also possess a bag of inky fluid, some of which can be thrown into the water when they become alarmed, and thus conceal their position while they swim away. Sepia and India ink were manufactured from this ink of the cuttlefish. They are carnivorous and seize their prey by means of their arms. The common squid of the Atlantic coast is closely related. It is commonly used for bait by the fishermen. The octopus or devilfish also is a near relative. See Octopus.
Cutworm, caterpillar of various species of owlet moths, a worm very destructive to vegetation. Both moth and worm are nocturnal. In the latter part of summer the female moth lays her eggs on plants near the ground. The larvæ feed on tender roots of grasses and various plants, and by spring are ready to attack early vegetation. During the day they hide under the surface, and coming forth at night cut off plants close to or just under the surface. They are enemies of garden vegetables, wheat, Indian corn, oats and cereals generally. Lacking other vegetation, almost all the numerous species adopt the climbing habit, ascend grape-vines, rose and berry-bushes and trees, devouring leaf-buds and eating of the early fruit. Hodge recommends, as protection against cutworms, folding a piece of stiff paper around a plant-stem in such a manner that the paper reaches an inch into the ground and two or three inches above the surface. To save their corn-fields, the Indians used to pick the cutworms off by hand, a method still in use. Toads and robins are effective helpers in keeping down the grievous pest.
Cuvier (kū′vyā̇), Georges, Baron, was born Aug. 23, 1769, at Montbéliard, France. At 18 he became tutor in a family at Caen, Normandy, and while all France was in the throes of the reign of terror he peaceably spent his leisure eagerly studying the fossils and fishes of the neighboring coast. He became professor of comparative anatomy at the Jardin des Plants, in Paris. Cuvier was the first to compare the structure of fossils with that of animals, which we now find. He also founded the science of comparative anatomy. In this field his work and success were great, and he was recognized in France as the greatest of living naturalists. He also held office under Napoleon and Louis XVIII, and became a peer of France. He died at Paris, May 13, 1832.
Cuyp (koip), Albert, Dutch painter, was born at Dordrecht, Holland, in 1605. His pictures represent grazing cattle, moonlight, winter-landscapes, horse-markets, hunts, camps and cavalry-fights; in his paintings the effect of golden sunlight has never been surpassed. While he lived, and long after, his paintings were little thought of, but now they rank high. He died in 1691. His father, known as Old Cuyp, and his nephew, Benjamin, also were well-known painters.
Cyanide-Process, The. The cyanide-process is one of two ways in which gold is extracted from low-grade ores, which contain only from 2 to 10 dollars per ton of gold. The ore is first crushed in stamp-mills, until it is quite fine; it is then treated with a solution of potassic cyanide, which dissolves the gold. This liquid is then treated with zinc, by which the gold is released and precipitated. This method is chiefly employed in the Transvaal goldmines and, to a less extent, in the low-grade mines of Dakota, Wyoming and other western states.
GLOEOCAPSA, ONE OF
THE CYANOPHYCEÆ
Cyanophyceæ
(sī′a-nō̇-fĭs′ē̇-ē). One
of the four plant-groups which make
up the algae, commonly called the
blue-green algae,
and often the green
slimes. They are
