Page 542 : DOMESDAY — DOMESTIC SCIENCE
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excited so much jealous opposition among other painters that he left Rome for a time. He was recalled by Pope Gregory XV, who appointed him principal painter and architect to the papal palace. After 1631 he was in [[../Naples (city)|Naples]] where he opened a school; but he was persecuted by the painters of Naples who had formed the so-called cabal of Naples, to keep out all other painters. Their persecution is supposed to have caused his death, which occurred at Naples in 1641.
Domesday (or Doomsday) Book, the name given to an old record which contains a description of all the lands of England in the time of [[../William I, the Conqueror|William the Conqueror]]. Commissioners were sent out by William, and were met wherever they went by representatives of the people, who told them the name of each estate or manor and the name of its owner; the amount of land, how much was wooded, how much was pasture, and how much meadow; how many mills and how many fishponds belonged to it; and the value of the whole in the time of [[../Edward|Edward the Confessor]] as well as of William. The number of tenants on the land was also given, and the amount of their cattle and live stock, as well as the number of serfs. The king thus obtained a complete account of the wealth of the kingdom and of the military strength of each county in case of war. A record was also made of the lands the possession of which was in dispute. Domesday Book, thus, is now a valuable record for the study of the history of ancient England.
Domestic Art, a subject of study to which the attention of teachers has been directed principally during the last decade, is usually held to include the various household industries and such art-work as may be applied in the home. There, however, is no reason in the nature of the term, why all the branches of domestic economy, including cooking, hygiene, nursing, etc., should not be included under domestic art. At present it is customary to speak of the latter group of studies as domestic science, an unfortunate distinction of terms. Let us first consider domestic art in its narrowest conventional meaning. Its field is large still, including, as it does, the place of the household-arts in the development of society with reference not only to their present but to their primitive conditions and the process of their evolution. Domestic art takes into account the place of the work of women in society and the artistic and scientific preparation which is desirable for the due fulfilment of that work. A college-course in domestic-art may include such technical subjects as braiding, netting, basketry, weaving and sewing, with the attendant dyeing and cleansing of textiles, drafting, pattern-modeling, dress-making, millinery and embroidery. It may also include the development of household-manufactures, such as textiles, with their cultural and economic effects; household-art, economics, organization and management; and art-work, for the purpose of cultivating taste and skill in designing for these crafts. This list is taken from the course in domestic art at Teachers’ College, New York, where fundamental courses in educational psychology, history and principles and allied courses in domestic science, English, geography, history, manual training and mathematics are also offered to students of domestic art.
Domestic science, which may be regarded as essentially one subject with domestic art, includes certain scientific studies in biology, physiology, hygiene and household chemistry; technical studies in the nature, production, manufacture and manipulation of foods; household-mechanics and sanitation, laundering, home-nursing and emergencies; and social and economic studies in history and household-art and economics. These studies should not obscure practical efficiency, but assist it. It is felt that domestic art and domestic science, as taught in elementary and secondary schools, may do much to improve social conditions and especially to educate foreigners into American habits and modes of life. For this reason it is apt to be one of the principal features of settlement-work; but its value is also widely recognized in elementary and grammar schools, secondary schools, normal schools and colleges.
Domestic Science. The same principles that led to the introduction of manual training into the American public schools for boys led to the institution of domestic-science departments for girls. We are at last learning the lesson that the common work of life may be done both scientifically and artistically and that thus the plane of our living may be greatly elevated.
In the manual-training high-schools of our larger cities domestic science (including domestic art) usually constitutes an important department. Some of the main branches taught under this heading are sewing, dressmaking, millinery, history of costume, drawing, household-design, cooking, dietetics, purchase of commodities, house-sanitation, laundry-work, general household-economics and the care of young children. Emphasis is placed upon a mastery of the underlying principles rather than upon the acquirement of mere skill in the practice of the art.
The opportunities in this line at the present time are very promising. Schools and colleges in many parts of the country are opening new departments of domestic science and calling for well-equipped teachers. There also is a growing demand for experts in dietetics in our hospitals and philanthropic institutions. A normal-school course in domestic science lasts three years,
