DRUIDS
554
DRTJ1
proach to him care should be taken that the one in peril does not seize or otherwise place at a disadvantage his would-be rescuer. It will often be better to hold off until the victim has lost consciousness or even sunk. When the rescuer has got close to the drowning one, or recovered him if he has sunk, take fast hold of the hair of his head, turn him as quickly as possible on his back, at the same time giving him a sharp pull which will cause him to float, then throw yourself on your back also, and either swim for the shore or towards some boat which may put off to the double rescue. Rescues are frequently made by floating idly, until other help comes, and often by paddling with the feet merely, so as to keep the head above water. On rescunig a person by diving to the bottom, the hair of the head should be seized by one hand only, and the other used in conjunction with the feet in raising yourself and the drowning person to the surface. If in the sea, with an outsetting tide, it will be found best to keep both yourself and the drowning one afloat merely, until other help arrives.
Treatment when the body is brought ashore. Summon a physician, then expose the patient to a current of fresh air, wipe dry the mouth and nostrils, rip the clothing so as to expose the chest and waist, and give two or three quick smarting slaps on the stomach and chest with the open hand. If the patient does not revive, try to drain the water from stomach and chest by turning the body face downwards; place a bundle of lightly rolled clothing beneath the stomach, and press heavily over it for half a minute or so long as fluids flow freely from the mouth. Before this,if the jaws are clinched, it will of course be necessary to separate them; to keep the mouth open, force a cork or small piece of wood between the teeth, clearing the mouth and throat of mucus now and then by wrapping a handkerchief round the finger and introducing it into the throat. Especially keep the pit of the stomach, as the patient lies on his face, above the level of any other portion of the body. If other aid be present, let it be utilized by giving an assistant a dry cloth or handkerchief to grip and hold the tip of the patient's tongue, so as to prevent its pulling back and obstructing the wind-pipe; and with the other hand let him grasp both wrists and keep the arms forcibly stretched back above the head, thereby increasing the prominence of the ribs, which tends to enlarge the heart. Meanwhile, actively dry and rub the body, taking care at the same time not to interfere with the means to which resort is had to produce breathing. The limbs should also be well-rubbed, and in an upward direction towards the body, with firm grasping pressure and energy, using preferably the bare hands or dry, warm flannels, which should also cover the body
to restore its heat. Bottles of hot water, 01 heated bricks or stones, should moreover be applied to the limbs and soles of the feet. As soon as breathing is reestablished, the patient should be stripped of all wet clothing and wrapped in blankets, or put to bed, comfortably warm, but with a free circulation of fresh air. A little brandy and hot water, or other stimulant, should be given the patient every 10 or 15 minutes for the first hour, and as often thereafter as may be deemed expedient; a mustard plaster over the breast is often prescribed, where there is danger of congestion of the lungs; but in most cases it is essential to refrain from effusive fussing and to let the patient rest, especially if watched over by a physician or by an experienced professional nurse.
Dru'ids were the priests of the early Gauls and Britons. How their religion arose or where they got it is unknown. Caesar has described them more fully than any other writer. They seem to have believed in God and in a future life. Their temples were circles of uncovered stone, open to the heavens. Fire was worshiped, and human beings, especially prisoners and criminals, were often sacrificed. The oak and the mistletoe were held sacred; and whenever mistletoe was found twining round an oak, a festival was held around the tree and a sacrifice was made. The Druids were of three orders — bards, prophets and priests. They had many privileges and possessed much power over the people. They were the teachers of the youth, and seem to have had considerable knowledge on many subjects. They settled all disputes between the tribes, and thus were judges also. Their power gradually ceased after the Romans conquered Gaul. For some time after being driven out of Gaul and Britain, their religion lingered in the little island of Anglesea, but was finally driven out by the Romans. Immense stone ruins, supposed to be those of their temples, are still found in Great Britain and in western France. There also were druidesses of different ranks, but little is known of the druids' doctrines. See Celtic Heathendom by Professor Rhys.
Drum, a musical instrument supposed to have been brought to Europe by the Moors or soon after the crusades, though the Greeks and Romans seem to have had a kind of kettle-drum. The instrument called a timbrel in the Bible was probably a kind of tambourine, beaten with the fingers. In India a species of drum, called the tomtom, was used in early times, and a like drum existed in Egypt as earlv as 1600 B. C. Among savages the drum is the chief musical instrument. In the modern orchestra three varieties of drums are used: the ordinary side-drum, the bass-drum and the kettle-drum. The side-drum is a cylinder of thin wood or brass, covered at both ends with parch-
