senate for the term 1903-09. But he died on June 4, 1906. During much of the period that he was in the United States senate he was the dictator of politics in Maryland and the Democratic leader of the senate.
Gortchakoff (gôr-chä-kof′), Prince Alexander Michaelovitch, a Russian statesman, was born at St. Petersburg, July 16, 1798. He was educated at the Lyceum of Tsarskoe-Selo, and became experienced in diplomacy under Nesselrode, whom he succeeded as minister of foreign affairs. In 1854-56, while minister to Austria, his efforts were instrumental in passing the Treaty of Paris. In the Polish rebellion of 1863 he decried foreign interference, and said that Russia should be allowed to settle her own internal affairs. For his decided stand in this matter he was made chancellor of the empire in July, 1863. He was known and admired throughout Europe, and was the most notable diplomat until the height of Bismarck's popularity. He was a member of the Berlin congress in 1878, and died at Baden-Baden, March 11, 1883. See Julian Klaczko's Two Chancellors.
Gos′nold, Bartholomew, an English navigator and an early explorer of New England. In 1602 he sailed to America in the Concord with the idea of founding a permanent colony. He touched the coast of Maine, discovered and named Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and Elizabeth Island, now Cuttyhunk, and at the last-mentioned place attempted to found the colony. The difficulties of pioneer life and the hostility of the Indians soon made all hands discouraged, and they returned to England laden with a cargo of furs, cedar and sassafras.
In 1606 Gosnold was influential in securing a charter from James I, for the purpose of establishing a colony in Virginia. The following year three ships were sent out, carrying 105 adventurers as prospective colonists. Jamestown was founded, but the settlement was unsuccessful, Gosnold with many others being carried off by disease before many months had passed away in the new colony.
Gosse, Edmund William, English poet and littérateur, was born at London, Sept. 21, 1849, and was at an early age assistant-librarian at the British Museum and lecturer in English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1904 be became librarian of the House of Lords. He has written, besides several volumes of dramas and verse, lives of the poets Gray, Donne and Congreve the dramatist; Northern Studies; Seventeenth-Century Studies; History of Eighteenth-Century Literature; History of Modern English Literature; Gossip in a Library; The Secret of Narcisse; The Jacobean Poets; From Shakespeare to Pope; and Life of Jeremy Taylor.
Gosse, Philip Henry, British zoologist, was born at Worcester, England, April 6, 1810, and died at Torquay, Devon, Aug. 23, 1888. His early life he spent in Newfoundland, after which he spent three years as a farmer in western Canada and a year in Alabama as a school-teacher. He then went to Jamaica for a short while, where he developed his tastes as a naturalist, and returned to England, where, with the exception of a further brief visit to the West Indies, he settled down to literary work, and, in 1856, was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. His publications embrace Letters from Alabama, The Canadian Naturalist, Birds of Jamaica, A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica, Text-Book of Zoology, A Naturalist's Rambles, The Aquarium, Handbook of Marine Aquarium, Marine Zoology, Evenings at the Microscope, Romance of Natural History and Land and Sea.
Go′tha. See Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
Gothenburg (gŏ-′tĕn-bo͞org) the city of Sweden next in size and importance to Stockholm, stands near the mouth of the River Gota. The town is built upon a plain beside the river, while its suburbs extend along the slopes of the surrounding hills. Gothenburg is an important center of trade and manufacture. It exports iron, steel, machinery, zinc, lumber, oats, sailcloth, fish and leather. The city was founded in 1618-9 by Gustavus Adolphus. Among social reforms the town is noted for its regulation of the saloons. Its present population is 167,813.
Goths, the name of a Teutonic people whose earliest known home was on the southern coasts and islands of the Baltic. The history of their southern wanderings is unknown, but in the 3d century they were living north of the Black Sea, their ranks greatly swollen by many conquered tribes. Those farthest east became known as Ostrogoths (East Goths), those farthest west as Visigoths (West Goths). In the reign of King Ostrogotha (248-49) war was waged against the Romans, who were routed at the battle of Abritta. For 18 years the eastern Roman provinces were ravaged by the Goths, but they were defeated by Claudius, and in 270 were given the province of Dacia by the Emperor Aurelian. So the Visigoths settled in Dacia, while the Ostrogoths remained in southern Russia. In the middle of the 4th century the Ostrogothic king, Ermanaric, carved out a powerful kingdom reaching from the Black Sea to the Gulf of Bothnia. In 375 this kingdom was overthrown by the Huns, while a few Ostrogoths with the Visigoths crossed the Danube and placed themselves under the protection of the Romans. Later on, the Visigoths were granted lands in Thrace and the Ostrogoths in Phrygia. They had their own laws and 40,000 of their warriors were
