bridge, and practices law in Toronto. Bishop Hellmuth died in 1901.
Helm′holtz, Herman Ludwig Ferdinand von, the most distinguished physicist of the 19th century, was born at Potsdam, Prussia, August 31, 1821, and died at Charlottenburg, near Berlin, Sept. 8, 1894. He was educated at the Military Medical School at Berlin. Having taken his degree in medicine in 1842, he remained an army-surgeon until 1847, when he published his remarkable paper On the Conservation of Energy. This paper, which, perhaps, more than any other has dominated physical science during half a century, was refused publication by Poggendorff's Annalen, the leading physical journal of the world. It was published by the Physical Society of Berlin, July 23, 1847.
In 1849 he became professor of physiology and pathology at the University of Königsberg. In 1855 he accepted the chair of anatomy and physiology at Bonn and, three years later, the chair of physiology at Heidelberg. It was at the latter place that he prepared those two monumental volumes, The Sensations of Tone (1862) and Physiological Optics (1866). In 1871 he was called to Berlin as professor of physics. This university at once became headquarters for physical investigation, a position which it maintained for a quarter of a century. In 1888 Helmholtz was called to the directorship of the great National Physical laboratory at Charlottenburg, where he remained until his death in 1894. His investigations in hydrodynamics and geometry are of the first rank, and make him almost equally distinguished as physiologist, physicist and mathematician.
He′lotism (in plants). Two different kinds of plants have often learned to live together in such an intimate way, that they are usually found together. For example, a lichen is not a single plant, but it consists of an alga and a fungus living together. This general habit of living together in an intimate relationship is called symbiosis, and that form of it in which one plant is thought to enslave the other, that is to maintain it so that the former may live upon its products, is called helotism, the reference being to the Greek slaves of ancient times, who were called helots. Some think that the lichen is a case of helotism, the fungus having enslaved the alga. See Symbiosis.
He′lots. See Sparta.
Helvetii (hel-vē′shĭ-ī), a people of Celtic origin, so says Caesar, who inhabited what is now western Switzerland. The chief event in their history was their attempt to migrate to southern Gaul, in which they were driven back with frightful slaughter by Caesar in 58 B. C. Of 368,000 who left their homes, only 110,000 returned, and these became subject to Rome. The story is told in Cæsar's lifelike way in his Commentaries.
He′ly-Hu′tchinson, Hon. Sir Walter Francis, G. C. M. G., military secretary to Lord Milner and governor and commander-in-chief of Cape Colony since 1891, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Aug. 22, 1849, the second son of the fourth Earl of Donoughmore. He was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge. His colonial service has been long, varied and distinguished. In 1893 he inaugurated responsible government in Natal, being governor of Natal and Zululand from 1893 to 1901. During his term he carried out the annexation of the Trans-Pongola territories, now a part of Zululand, and was special commissioner for Amatongaland.
Hem′ans, Felicia Dorothea, an English poet, was born at Liverpool, England, Sept. 25, 1793. Her maiden name was Browne, and she married Captain Hemans in 1812. After the birth of five sons Mrs. Hemans separated from her husband, and from that time (1818) engaged chiefly in literary work. Her poetry is distinguished by grace and felicity of expression, often by great tenderness, especially in her simpler and less ambitious efforts. Her works include Early Blossoms, The Domestic Affections, The Forest Sanctuary, Records of Women, Songs of the Affections etc. Americans know her best for the poem entitled The Landing of the Pilgrims. She died near Dublin, Ireland, May 16, 1835.
Hem′lock, a family of plants having small white flowers and a flattened, oval fruit. The best known and most important species is the common or spotted hemlock, growing by the wayside and on heaps of rubbish in all parts of Europe and Asia and now naturalized in America. It has a small root, resembling a parsnip, a bright green, hollow stem, two to five feet high and generally spotted with purple. The leaves are large, of a dark shiny green. The chief ingredient of the hemlock is an alkaline poison, causing weakness and staggering gait and finally paralysis and death. The leaves and fruit are used as a medicine, obtained by distilling or by drying and crushing to powder. Among the Greeks death by hemlock poisoning was the punishment usually meted out to criminals, and so Socrates died.
Hemlock, an evergreen tree of much grace and beauty. It grows in temperate North America, Japan, Central and Western China and the Himalayas. There are seven species. The trees are tall and pryamidal in shape, the bark furrowed and reddish, the branches slender and often pendulous, feathery, plume-like. The Canadian hemlock is found in upland forests and along rocky river-banks from Nova Scotia to eastern Minnesota and along the Appa-
