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studies, it is needful to make a study of his psychology and, perhaps, even his meta-physic. According to the psychology of Herbart, the mind is a system of masses of ideas, which combine mathematically together in the process of assimilation or apperception. Correlation of studies strengthens the masses of ideas, while these masses of ideas in their turn give rise to interests, and these to the will and character. The psychology of Herbart does indeed give a valuable account of the process of the association of ideas; but without allowing sufficiently for heredity or original mental tendencies and unities. Out of the description which Herbart has given of the nature of the mental process in apperception there has come the formal method of instruction by four steps: clearness, association, system and method. Clearness has been subdivided into the preparation and presentation of the subject-matter which is to be taught. Her'bert, George, an English poet, born on April 3, 1593, in Wales. Of an extremely modest disposition, he was most beloved by all who knew him for his good and almost saintly life. He was called Holy George Herbert. His Country Parson and The Temple are perhaps the best known and most beautiful of his works. Such lines as "Sweet day, so calm, so cool, so bright, the bridal of the earth and sky" were not born to die. He died near Salisbury in 1633. See Life by Izaak Walton. Herbert, Victor, a grandson of the novelist Samuel Lover, was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1859, but has lived for the most part abroad and in America since 1886. He is a prominent composer, bandmaster and conductor. He has been chief violincellist in the Court Orchestra at Stuttgart, solo violincellist in the Metropolitan Orchestra of New York, conductor of the New York 22nd Regiment Band and conductor of the Pittsburg Orchestra. He has written a number of comic operas, including Prince Ananias, The Wizard of the Nile, The Serenade, Cyrano de Bergerac and The Idol's Eye; also an oratorio, The Captive. Herculaneum (hẽr'kū́-lā'nḗ-ŭm), a city of Italy, formerly situated at the base of Mt. Vesuvius, by the eruption of which it was seriously injured in 69 A. D. and totally buried in 73 A. D. It now lies from 40 to 100 feet below the surface. In 1706 some relics were found, but no systematic excavations were undertaken until 1738, when what was supposed to have been the theater was uncovered and many beautiful statues and pictures taken from it. Of late years excavations have been again undertaken, and many art treasures from the entombed city now repose in the National Museum at Naples. The Italian government is now pushing excavation with renewed vigor.

Hercules (hẽr'kū́-lēz), the son of Zeus and Alcmene of Thebes. Incurring the wrath of Hera, the wife of Zeus, he was made to serve Eurystheus, who enjoined upon him the performance of many difficult tasks. Thus he became to the Greeks the type of manly strength and manly endurance. The poets differ as to the number and character of the tasks set before him, but they are generally supposed to have been twelve, called the twelve labors of Hercules. The manner of his death is uncertain, although the story was that the poisoned robe of Nessus sent him by his wife so crazed him that he threw himself upon the funeral pyre of Mt. Œta, and was carried to Olympus, the heaven of the Greeks. Hercules, Pillars of. See Gibralter. Her'der, Johann Gottfried von, one of the profoundest of German writers, equally well-known as philosopher, theologian and critic, was born on Aug. 25, 1744. He was essentially a poet of and for the people, translating legends and songs from Arabian, Spanish and old German poets, besides being a writer on all topics of deep and independent thinking. His greatest work, although left incomplete, was Outlines of a Philosophy of a History of Man. He died at Weimar, Dec. 18, 1803. See H. Nevinson's Herder and His Times. Here. See Hera and Juno. Hered'ity, the transmission of physical and mental likeness from parent to offspring. It is a matter of everyday observation that the offspring is like the parent, and it raises this question: Why is this likeness transmitted; and how does the offspring inherit the peculiarities of parents? These questions are very difficult and have not been fully answered. Darwin supposed that in the chick, for example, minute particles, which he called gemmules, came from every part of the body and united in the egg, so that, when the young bird began its existence in the egg, there were little particles in that egg derived from every part of the parent animal, and traits and peculiarities were inherited through this channel. This is called the theory of pangenesis. Weismann's explanation has the advantage of being simpler. He points to the fact that the particular parts that connect one generation with another are the egg-cell and the sperm. He looks upon the many cells forming the body as a sort of vehicle to carry the germ-cells or those from which new life is produced. These structures, of course, are composed of protoplasm, and it has been discovered that within the nucleus of all animal-cells are located minute bodies that stain more deeply than the rest of the protoplasm and are therefore called chromosomes. These chromosomes are of the same number in all cells of the body of