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spot. Now, air contains oxygen, iron carbon, and carbon and oxygen have what chemists call an affinity for each other. Kelly knew these facts. Hence he blew air into melted iron, the oxygen captured ard carried away the carbon, pure iron was left, and modern steel making was invented. (See STEEL.) In 1851 Kelly built the first converter, in 1857 the first tilting converter. Learning in 1856 that Bessemer of England had patented the process in America, Kelly convinced the patent-office that he (Kelly) was the real inventor, and received a patent. Five years later his genius was recognized, Englishmen themselves acknowledging that Kelly discovered the process before Bessemer. The patent-office (1870) renewed his patent, because he had not received sufficient remuneration, and in seven years he received $450,000 in royalties. He remained in business till over 70 years of age. When he died, his process and our natural advantages had made America the second steel-making country of the v/orld. Kelts. See CELTS
KeI'vin, Lord, formerly Sir William Thomson, world-famed physicist and inventor, was born at Belfast, Ireland, in 182 4. At the age of eight he removed to Glasgow with his father, a professor in the university. Kelvin gradua-ated at St. Peter's,Cambridge, in 1845, being second wrangler and Smith's prizeman. Beginning in 1846, he filled the chair of physics at Glasgow University for 50 years. In 1866 he was knighted for his signal achievement in solving the scientific problems connected with the first Atlantic cable. In 1892 he was raised to the peerage. His contributions to physics are so numerous and cover so wide a range that it will be impossible to do more than allude to a few of the more remarkable ones. His contributions to science are contained in Papers on Electrostatics and Magnetism, Mathematical and Physical Papers, Popular Lectures, Molecular Dynamics (a course of lectures on Light) ar.d his masterly treatise on dynamics, written in coiijunctioi) with Professor Tait of Edinburgh. His inventions and improvements of electrical measuring instruments, navigator's compass and deep-sea sounding apparatus have been of exceeding value to commerce as well as
LORD KELVIN
to science. Few men have ever lived who combine the mathematical ability and the experimental acumen which united in Lord Kelvin. Honors of all kinds from the presidency of the Royal Society down have been conferred upon him, including burial in Westminster Abbey. His death occurred on Dec. i, 1907.
Kem'ble, Frances Anne ("Fanny"), an English actor and writer, daughter of Charles Kemble, was born at London, Nov. 27, 1809^ She first appeared at Covent Garden theater, London, in 1829, and in 1832 came to the United States with her father, and achieved great success. She married Pierce Butler of Philadelphia in 1834, and retired from the stage. The marriage was unhappy, however, a divorce was obtained and Mrs. Butler removed to Lenox, Mass. In 1849 she returned to the stage, appearing in many cities in this country and in Europe. Among her writings are Francis the First, a drama; Journal; The Star of Seville, a drama; Poems; Plays; Records of a Girlhood; Notes on Some of Shakespeare's Plays. She died at London on Jan.. 15, 1893.
Kem'ble, John Philip, was born at Pres-cott, in Lancashire, England, Feb. i, 1757. His father early designed him for the Roman Catholic priesthood, but such was his love for the stage that, in spite of his father's prohibition, he determined to become an actor. His first appearance was at Wolver-hampton, Jan. 8, 1776, and-in 1783 he played Hamlet at Drury Lane, London. When compelled to leave Drury Lane in 1802, he purchased a share in the Covent Garden theater, for which he paid ^23,000, and made his first appearance there in 1803. He formally retired in 1817, and settled at Lausanne, Switerland, where he died on Feb. 26, 1823.
Kern'pis, Thomas a' was so called from Kempen, where he was born in 1380. He entered the Augustinian convent of Agneten-berg in 1407, and remained there until his death in 1471. His character stood high for piety and for learning; but his reputation rests mainly upon his writings, which consist of sermons, pious biographies, letters and hymns. His chief work was The Imitation of Christ, which has been translated into more languages than any other book except the Bible. See Thomas a Kempis and the Brothers of the Common Life by Kettle well.
Ken'ilworth, a market town of Warwickshire, England, about five miles north of Warwick. The castle was a possession of the crown until 1563, when it was conferred by Elizabeth upon the earl of Leicester, who here entertained the queen for 18 days in 1565 at a cost of ^1,000 a day. The entertainment has become famous from the description in Scott's Kenilworth. Population 4,545-
Kenilworth, the book, is one cf Scott's novels. It takes its title from the famous
