stone has been that of making the blue ultramarine pigment (paint). As the best stones yielded only two or three per cent., the cost of the purest article sometimes was over $100 an ounce. Now, however, the substance of which the mineral is composed is made artificially on a large scale and at a low cost. There remains no occasion for using natural ultramarine as a pigment.
La′place′, Pierre Simon, a French mathematical astronomer called the Newton of France, was born on March 28, 1749, and died on March 5, 1827. He began by teaching mathematics in a military school at Beaumont, but through the influence of D'Alembert, he was shortly appointed to the École Militaire of Paris. His great work consisted in deriving all motions of all members of the solar system from dynamics alone. The results are his famous Celestial Mechanics (1799-1825). His contributions to mathematical physics also are of extreme importance; for to Laplace we owe the beautiful method of Spherical Harmonics and the powerful Potential Function. Laplace perhaps is best known by his bold and attractive hypothesis that the solar system is merely a condensed nebula — the so-called nebular hypothesis. Although undoubtedly anticipated by Kant in the general idea, Laplace offered so powerful evidence for his view that we may fairly call the theory a Laplacian one. Within the last few years tnis hypothesis has been ably criticised by Professors Chamberlain and Moulton of the University of Chicago. See Professor Moulton's article in the Astro-physical Journal, Vol. XI., pp. 103-30 (1900).
Lap′land is a country known neither politically nor geographically; it is a name applied collectively to the semiarctic region in the north of Europe, inhabited by the Lapps. It is bounded by the Arctic Ocean on the north, the Atlantic on the northwest and the White Sea on the east. Its southern boundary is about the 66th degree of latitude; but Lapps are found as far south as 63 degrees in Norway and Sweden.
Surface. Scandinavian Lapland is rough and mountainous. In Russian and Finnish Lapland the country becomes more level, lakes and rivers more numerous and marshes abundant. Some of the lakes are large, Inara being 1,147 square miles in area, Imandra 65 miles long and 9 wide and Nuot 35 miles long and 7 wide. Several long rivers, the Tana, Tulom and Kemi, flow through the country into the Arctic Ocean and the White Sea.
Climate. During the short summer of three months the sun never sinks below the horizon, and during seven or eight weeks of the excessively cold winter the sun never appears above the horizon, thus adding comparative darkness to a cold of 60 degrees below zero.
History and People. The total Lapp population is about 25,000, distributed 15,000 in Norway, 7,000 in Sweden, 800 in Finland and 2,000 in Russia, many in the north being descended from criminals transported from Denmark 300 years ago. The Lapps are of a race closely related to the Finns, and are the smallest people of Europe, being only from four to five feet tall, spare of body, dark, with bristly hair and short, often bandy legs. The mouth is large, with thick lips, and the eyes small and piercing. They are usually classed as mountain, river, forest and sea Lapps. The mountain Lapps are wanderers, moving from place to place with their reindeer herds, which form their only wealth. The sea Lapps live along the streams and ocean, and subsist by fishing. The river and forest Lapps also wander, but have settled, keep domesticated animals and hunt and fish. The reindeer furnishes the Lapps with food and clothing, and serves as his beast of burden. There are about 400,000 reindeer in Lapland. In personal habits the Lapp is any thing but cleanly. All profess Christianity. The Norsemen treated the Lapps as a subject race as early as 800, and reconquered them in the 14th century. The Russians did the same in the 11th and the Swedes in the 16th century. From the 13th to the 17th century the Birkarlian Swedes kept them almost in slavery. To-day, however, they are the recipients of every kindness. See Du Chaillu's Land of the Midnight Sun.
La Pla′ta, the chief city of the province of Buenos Aires in the Argentine Republic, was founded in 1882, after Buenos Aires city was made the federal capital (1884). The city was quickly built, with wide streets and many public squares, the center being lighted by electricity. The city has a capitol and government buildings, an observatory, several chapels, a railway station and a provincial university. It also has a manufactory of cotton and woolen tissues. A canal connects the outer harbor at Ensenada with La Plata. Population, including Ensenada (on the estuary of the Plata) and a country district of 60 square miles, 80,000.
Laramie (lăr′ȧ-mḗ) City, Wyo., county-seat of Albany County, on the Union Pacific Railroad, has the finest situation of any Wyoming settlement, being 7,122 feet above the level of the sea. It lies 40 miles northwest of Cheyenne, and is a point of supply for widely-scattered ranches and mines, and has large machine shops, rolling mills, glass works and other industries, telephones, electric lights and water-works. It is the seat of the University of Wyoming, the state fish-hatchery, the agricultural experiment station and the state penitentiary. It has admirable public schools, and contains public and college libraries, St. Joseph's Hospital and several churches. It was laid out in April, 1868, when the railroad reached this point. Population 8,237. Fort Laramie was built in 1834 by Sublette, rebuilt two
