the city, upon which is located the army-post called Fort Logan H. Roots. Prominent among its numerous industrial establishments are cottonseed-oil mills, cotton compresses, beer and bottling works, flour mills, brick and tile works, foundries and machine shops. It has excellent systems of waterworks, electric lighting and street-railway. Little Rock has many banks and several building and loan associations, and among its prominent buildings are the capitol, Albert Pike Consistory (Masonic), St. Andrew's Cathedral (R. C.), Christ Church (P. E.), the Jewish Temple, the Methodist and Baptist Churches, the custom-house and postoffice and the county courthouse. The Arkansas School for the Blind, Deaf-Mute Institute, Lunatic Asylum and Penitentiary are also located in Little Rock. The city maintains one of the best public-school systems in the southwest, has excellent school-buildings and a school-board building, in which the superintendent and school-board conduct their meetings. There are a number of private educational institutions, two business colleges, Arkansas Military Academy, Arkansas Baptist College, a convent and Philander Smith College. Little Rock was settled in 1819, became the seat of territorial government in 1820, and capital on Arkansas' admission to the Union in 1836. It has the service of two railroads and a population of 45,941.
Little Tur′tle, a Miami chief, noted for shrewdness and bravery. He commanded in the battle in which General Harmar was defeated on the Miami, Oct. 22, 1790, and was also in that in which General St. Clair was defeated at St. Mary's, Nov. 4, 1791. He was present, but not in command, at the battle of Fallen Timbers, Aug. 20, 1794, when the Indians were defeated by General Wayne. A year later Little Turtle was one of the chiefs who signed the treaty of Greenville, which opened a large tract of Ohio to settlement. He is said to have had some schooling in Canada. He visited Washington at Philadelphia in 1797, and was given a fine pair of pistols by Kosciusko. He died at Fort Wayne, Ind., July 14, 1812.
Liukiu. See Loo-Choo Islands.
Liv′er, an important digestive organ found in many invertebrates and all vertebrates. It is the largest gland in the human body, weighing three or four pounds and measuring about 12 inches from side to side and six or seven from front to back. It is situated on the right side just below the diaphragm, and arches over a part of the stomach. It is divided into two unequal lobes, the right one being much the larger. The substance of the liver is divided into five-sided lobules, which, in turn, are made of cells. Running through its substance are blood-vessels, lymphatics, nerves and branches of the bile-duct. The latter collects the bile, and connects with the
gall-bladder
in which the bile is stored. The bile-duct also opens into the small intestines not far from the stomach. The liver performs many offices. First it secretes bile, which is of use in helping the absorption of fats. Then it forms liver-sugar, as was shown in 1848 by Claude Bernard. Within its substance red blood-corpuscles are broken up, and it aids in removing urea from the blood in connection with the kidneys. Finally, the liver plays a part in food elaboration. Food does not pass by a single step from lifeless material into living protoplasm, but there are many steps by which it is changed a little and advanced on its way. The precise work of the liver in this direction is imperfectly understood, but it is believed to be considerable. The circulation in the liver is peculiar. There is, first, arterial blood coming directly from
the aorta through the hepatic artery, and this nourishes the liver. The other blood-supply is through the portal system. This is venous blood which has already passed through one set of capillaries in the stomach, intestines or spleen, and is carried in the portal vein to the liver. There it branches and breaks up into another set of capillaries within the liver. Uusually venous blood passes directly to the heart. It is altogether exceptional for it to be carried to another organ and there pass through another set of capillaries, but this occurs in the liver and is called the portal circulation.
THE LIVER
(a) Right Lobe (b) Left Lobe
Liv′ermore, Mary A., daughter of Timothy Rice and wife of D. P. Livermore, a Universalist minister, was born at Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821. Mrs. Livermore was known as one of the leading and ablest advocates of woman suffrage. She also lectured on temperance and other reforms. On the platform she proved herself the peer of the most distinguished orators, and in grace, refinement and all the higher qualities of womanhood she had few superiors. Her Story of the War is well-known, as are The Story of My Life, What Shall we do with our Daughters? and Pen-Pictures. She died in 1905.
Liv′erpool, the third city in the United Kingdom, is situated on the Mersey (q. v.)
