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ing in the gymnasium or classical secondary school at Dantzig, he entered the Universities of Leipzig and Heidelberg in turn, and became an instructor at Freiberg University in 1887 and adjunct-professor in 1891. In 1892 Professor Muensterberg accepted a chair of psychology in Harvard University. He belongs to the scientific rather than philosophic school of psychology; and has done much in America for the experimental method in this field. In addition to many publications in German, Professor Muensterberg is the author of two semipopular English works: American Traits and Psychology and Life. Muhlenberg (mū'len-bẽrg}, William Augustus, an American divine, noted as a hymn-writer, was born at Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1796. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1814, and became an Episcopal clergyman. Soon after becoming rector of a New York church, he set about getting funds to found St. Luke's Hospital, and it was due to his untiring efforts that the present great hospital on Fifth Avenue was built, Dr. Muhlenberg becoming its superintendent. He was the author of the well-known hymn, I Would Not Live Alway, and edited several collections of church-music. He died at New York, April 8, 1877. Muir, John, an American naturalist, geologist and explorer, was born at Dunbar, Scotland, on April 21, 1838. He was educated in Scotland until 1849, when his father came to Wisconsin and made a farm near Fox River. In 1860 Muir entered the University of Wisconsin, graduating in 1864. Then he began the many lonely journeys throughout Canada and the United States that made him a botanist and a geologist. In 1868, after exploring Yosemite Valley, he settled there, living alone in his mill and on the mountains for ten years and specially studying glacial traces in the Sierra Nevada. He contributed to The Tribune of New York City on the subject, and discovered 65 residual glaciers. In 1879 he visited Alaska, discovering Glacier Bay and the wonderful Muir Glacier, and explored the upper courses of Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers. In 1880 he visited the arctic regions with the American expedition in search of Lieutenant De Long. He has written over 150 articles on the natural history of Pacific America; has long urged the preservation of American forests and the establishment of national parks, the formation of the Sequoia and Yosemite reservations being due to his efforts; and has published The Mountains of California and Our National Parks. Harvard has honored itself by giving him the degree of master of arts, Wisconsin that of doctor of laws. He still lives in California. See Forest-Reserves and National Parks. Mulat'to. See Negro.

Mul'berry, species of Morus, a genus which belongs to a family closely related to the nettle family. About 100 species of mulberry have been described, all of which are trees of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. In the United States the mulberry is known almost entirely as a fruit-bearing tree, although it is not cultivated in any general way. In the Old World mulberries are grown as food for silkworms as well as for the fruit. The silkworm mulberry is M. alba, and the chief fruit-producing mulberry is M. nigra. M. alba is a native of China, and has been cultivated from the earliest times in connection with the silk-worm industry. The fruit is small and white or violet. The tree is quite frequently seen here about old farm-houses, is small, has smooth, shiny leaves. The black mulberry is a native of Asia, and is cultivated chiefly in the Old World for its fruit, which is large and fleshy, mostly dark-colored. The native red mulberry of the United States is M. rubra, which grows mostly in rich soils and bottom lands. It is generally distributed, common east of the Mississippi. The tree varies in height from 15 to 60 feet, the branches grow low and spread wide, giving a rounded form. The bark is rough and grayish-brown. In early summer the brilliant yellow-green foliage of that time is markedly beautiful. In size and shape the fruit reminds one of a long, wild blackberry; the color is red, turning to a deep purple. The berries are juicy, rather insipid. The wood is soft, light yellow in color, and of value; from the inner bark a fibre is obtained that the Indians of the south weave into a cloth. The paper mulberry, growing here from New York southward, has been introduced into this country from China and Japan, where it is cultivated for its fibrous bark, utilized in making paper. It is a small, low-branched tree, its leaves closely resemble the red-mulberry leaves, but the fruit is quite different, club-shaped, unlike in taste. Mulch (mŭlch) is a covering of straw, leaves, tan-bark, manure etc., placed on the soil that is not easily cultivated, to prevent loss of moisture by evaporation, as in closely planted orchards. Soil-mulch is a layer of soil loosened by raking, harrowing or shallow plowing, to break up capillarity (q. v.). Mülhausen (mül'hou'zen), a city of Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, on the Ill and the Rhône and on the Rhine Canal, 20 miles northwest of Basel. Its cotton maunfactories employ 75,000 hands, and it has printing and dye works for cotton, linen, calico, wool and silk fabrics and chemical and iron-works. The city was founded before A. D. 717, and became a free, imperial city in 1273. It became a part of France