in 1798, and after 1829 began to be a noted manufacturing center. Its arrangements for housing and caring for the working-classes are remarkably good. Since the war of 1870-71 Mülhausen has belonged to the German empire. Population 94,498.
Mullein (mŭl'lĭn), the name of a species of the genus Verbascum, which belongs to the figwort family. The genus contains about 125 species, all of them natives of the eastern hemisphere. About five species have become naturalized in North America, the most conspicuous of which is the common mullein (V. thapsus), an erect, stout, simple plant, which is densely woolly all over and is exceedingly common in fields and waste places. It is a native of Europe and Asia, and is said to have received in England no less than 40 common names. The next best-known naturalized species is the moth mullein (V. blattaria), with a slender, merely pubescent stem, and a loose cluster of yellow or white flowers with brown marks.
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Müller (mü'lẽr), Friedrich Maximilian, was born at Dessau, Germany, Dec. 6, 1823. His father, Wilhelm Müller, one of the greatest German lyric poets, died when Friedrich was four. He took his degree at Leipsic in 1843, and devoted himself to the study of Sanskrit. In 1847 the East India Company commissioned him to edit the Rig-Veda at their expense. In 1854 he became professor of modern languages at Oxford. Müller published treatises on many language-topics, which have done more than the labors of any other single scholar to awaken a taste in England for the science of language, and by his happy illustrations he made subjects attractive that ordinarily are dry. In 1875 he resigned his professorship and edited a series of translations of the Sacred Books of the East. In 1878 he was Hibbert lecturer, in 1890—2 Gifford lecturer. His indefatigable industry was astounding. Among his books are Chips from a German Workshop; Comparative Mythology; The Science of Thought; Physical Religion; The Science of Religion; Language, Mythology and Religion; The Science of Language; and The Origin and Growth of Religion; to say nothing of his Autobiography, his English translation of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and monographs on a dozen languages. In oriental languages, literatures and religions he was a successful popularizer, but only in Sanskrit did he outrank the specialists. He died at Oxford, England, on Oct. 28, 1900.
Müller, Johan'nes, a distinguished German physiologist, was born at Coblentz in 1801 and died at Berlin in 1858. He became professor of physiology at Bonn in 1826 and at the University of Berlin in 1833. He is a monumental figure in the history of physiology. By wide observation and experiment he founded comparative physiology. He was the trainer of some of the greatest physiologists, as Ludwig, Du Bois-Reymond, Helmholtz and others. In his work he recognized the close connection between physiology and psychology, and thereby made a beginning in physiological psychology. His work was so remarkable that he gained for himself the title of the greatest physiologist of modern times. He was myriad-minded, and later in life gave his attention to zoology, winning in that field the title of the greatest morphologist of modern times. His Handbook of Physiology (1833) is unsurpassed in the method of handling the subject. His anatomy of some of the lower fishes (myxinoids) is remarkable for accuracy and for his appreciation of the meaning of his discoveries.
Mul'let, a food-fish found in tropical and temperate waters. On the American coast it ranges as far north as Cape Cod. The mullet family contains mostly sea-fishes, but the representatives ascend streams, and a few forms are permanent residents of fresh water. They feed at the bottom, taking quantities of mud into their mouths and sifting out the small particles of animal and vegetable matter. The name is also given to a common sucker in inland streams in the United States. These fish grow to a length of two feet. Their lower fins are of an orange-red color, and they are often called red-horse.
Mu'lock, Miss. See Craik.
Mul'ready, William, an Irish landscape and figure painter, was born at Ennis, County Clare, April 1, 1786. When a boy, his parents went to London, and when 15 he began to study at the Royal Academy. His genre paintings are the best, as Dogs of Two Minds, The Barber's Shop and Idle Boys in his earlier years; and in middle life First Love, The Truant and Seven Ages. He also worked unweariedly at portrait-painting and at illustrations for children's books, while his illustrations of the Vicar of Wakefield are well-known. He was careful in drawing and rich in coloring. Mulready died in London, July 7, 1863. See Stephens' Memorials of Mulready.
Mum'my, an embalmed body. Embalming, so named from the balm or balsam often used, is the art of preserving the body after death, and was invented by the early
