value, and would discourage holding land for speculation, since it must pay in proportion to value rather than income. It would tend to equalize the distribution of wealth, since the natural increase in the value of land would go to the community, and, finally, tend to a large increase of social wealth.
The objections come from those who believe in private ownership of land and from Socialists. The former hold (1) that the landowners have put their industry into the land, even if they have not produced it; (2) that single tax would not produce sufficient revenue; and (3) that the sense of private ownership of land has been the “keystone of society.” Socialists hold that both land and capital should be the property of society; that capital is not the product of the labor of any individual or of the few; and that, therefore, single tax would be only a half-solution and one that would not benefit society. See George, Henry, and Socialism.
Sioux (so͞o), a group of tribes of American Indians belonging to the Dakota family. They are the principal tribe of the family, and sometimes their name is given to the whole family. They were living near the head-waters of the Mississippi when found by the whites. In their wars with the Chippewas and the Hurons some of them were driven farther south, but in 1822 they numbeied about 12,000 and their lands stretched from the Mississippi to the Black Hills. In 1837 and in 1851 they ceded parts of their land to the United States. The failure of the government to carry out their treaties irritated the tribes, and they troubled the white settlers for years and in 1862 made a general uprising, killing nearly 1,000 whites. New Ulm, in Minnesota, a town of 1,500 people, was nearly destroyed. This rebellion ended in the imprisonment of more than 1,000 Indians and the execution of 39 of the leaders, and cost the United States $40,000,000. The Santee Sioux were placed on reservations near Yankton, S. D., where they have become peaceful farmers. After a vain endeavor to settle matters peacefully, Sitting Bull (q. v.), a young chief, and others going to Washington for the purpose, the hostile tribes gathered in northern Dakota and began the war of 1876, in which General Custer perished. Large settlements of the Sioux have been made since in South Dakota. In 1890, under a “messiah,” there was another rising of the Sioux in the northwest. They now number about 25,000. Consult Riggs's Forty Years among the Sioux.
Sioux City, Ia., a city on the Missouri, which is crossed by a bridge 2,000 feet long, and by a combination structure for the use of wagons, street-cars and railways. It is a railroad-center and a manufacturing city, and has a large trade, being situated in a fine farming-region. There are large meat-packing establishments and flaxseed-oil mills and vast quantities of stoneware; 25,000,000 bricks a year are made. Among the notable buildings are the city-hall and public library, the Federal building and the Young Men's Christian Association building. The city has a good system of public schools, the high school erected at a cost of $100,000, and here is Morningside College, a Methodist Episcopal institution. It is the county-seat of Woodbury County. Population 47,828.
Sioux Falls, So. Dak., the largest town in the state, is on Big Sioux River and takes its name from the falls which descend 90 feet and afford an excellent water power. The city was laid out in 1857, and destroyed by the Sioux in 1862. It was rebuilt in 1865 after Fort Dakota was abandoned. The buildings are nearly all of red quartzite. The great industry is the quarrying and polishing of the quartzite underlying the city. There also are numerous manufactories, 66 wholesale houses, a state penitentiary, a public library, six banks, ten public schools, six colleges and denominational schools, twelve churches and six railroad-systems. It is the county-seat of Minnehaha County. Population 14,094.
Siphon (sī′fŏn), an instrument for transferring liquid from a vessel at one level to another at a lower level.
FIG. 1
The simplest possible form is shown in the accompanying figure, where the liquid A is being emptied into the vessel D. In order to start a siphon the pressure of the air must be diminished in the branch C D. The pressure of the atmosphere on the surface B then forces the liquid up the arm A C, and, in flowing down the arm C D, this liquid acts as a pump and keeps the pressure in C D below that of the atmosphere. Evidently, however, this pumping must cease as soon as the liquid in the vessel D rises to the same level as the surface B. It is also clear that, since the water is driven up into the arm A C by means of the earth's atmosphere, no siphon will work in a vacuum.
FIG. 2
The safest and most convenient form of siphon, especially
