mysterious sink-holes, through which the waters drain into underground streams. The chief rivers are the Tennessee, which twice crosses the state, the Cumberland, the Hoist on, the French Broad and the Big Hatchie.
Occupations. Agriculture is an important industry, and a variety of crops are produced. The leading crop is corn, but tobacco also is important. Other products are wheat, oats, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts and cotton. Fruit-trees and small fruits are grown, and stock-raising is also practiced. The presence of raw materials and the abundance of coal render manufacturing very important. The industries include iron and steel making, foundry and machine-shop products, the preparation of leather and tobacco, flour and lumber mills and the manufacture of textiles, cottonseed-oil and cake and clay-products. Iron is largely mined, and the pig-iron product is very valuable. Copper is quite extensively produced, and other lines of mining are zinc, lead, phosphate-rock, marble and building-stone.
Education. In several counties education is compulsory, and throughout the state it is illegal to give employment (in factory, mine or workshop) to children under 14. Separate schools are maintained for white and colored. The governor appoints a board of education and the superintendent of public instruction, who also is secretary of the board. There are county and city superintendents besides. There is an enrollment of 521,753 children, and more than 10,000 teachers are employed. The state maintains 3 normal schools and seven private normals are in operation. The University of Tennessee at Knoxville, opened in 1807; the University of Nashville at Nashville; Grant University at Chattanooga; the University of the South at Sewanee; Vanderbilt University at Nashville, endowed with $1,000,000 by Commodore Vanderbilt; and Fisk University at Nashville, for colored students are among the many colleges where higher education is provided. The state maintains several benevolent institutions, and many are provided by private and ecclesiastical charity.
History. Probably De Soto was the first white man to enter Tennessee. A settlement of North Carolinians, made in 1754, was broken up by the Indians. Two years later Fort Loudon was built on the Tennessee 30 miles from the site of Knoxville. The massacre of the garrison in 1760 was followed within a year by the defeat of the Indians and a treaty allowing settlements to be made. At first a territory of North Carolina, the dissatisfied frontiersmen organized the state of Franklin, which lasted from 1785 to 1788, when it was put down by North Carolina. Tennessee was admitted as a state in 1796. The different capitals have been Knoxville, Kingston, Murfreesboro and Nashville, the present capital. The first railroad was the Memphis Railroad, chartered in 1831, when there were only 50 miles in the country; in 1910 there are 3,815 miles, mostly built since the war. There are 349 miles of electric lines. Tennessee seceded on June 8, 1861, and was readmitted in 1866. Many of the hardest-fought engagements of the war took place on Tennessee soil, as at Forts Henry and Donelson, Island No. 10, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Franklin and Nashville. Population 2,184,789. See J. B. Kellebrew's Resources of Tennessee.
Tennessee, a river of Tennessee, is one of the largest branches of the Ohio, which it enters at Paducah, Ky. Clinch and Holston Rivers rise in southwestern Virginia, and in eastern Tennessee unite to form the Tennessee. The river first flows south, going 300 miles in Alabama, turns north, and crosses Tennessee and Kentucky. It is 800 miles to the junction of the two rivers at Kingston, Tenn., but 1,100 miles to the source of the Holston, its longest branch.
Tennessee, University of, now at Knoxville, was established in 1794 as Blount College. In 1807 it became East Tennessee College, in 1809 East Tennessee University, in 1879 the University of Tennessee. It is connected with the public schools and is coeducational. The trustees are nominated by the board of trustees and elected for life by the legislature, the governor, however, the secretary and the superintendent of schools being members ex officio. The university consists of a college of agriculture and of mechanical arts and of a university department. The college includes agricultural, educational, engineering, industrial and literary departments, their courses being substantially the same as those in other colleges. But the industrial department is for negroes, and is in Knoxville College. The university consists of the academic, educational, legal, medical and dental departments, the last two being at Nashville. Military science and drill are parts of the course, and are required studies for male Freshmen and Sophomores. The agricultural department organizes farmers' institutes, and the university has a farm and the state's agricultural experiment-station. The faculty numbers 157, the students 850, the library 26,000 volumes. The university controls the congressional land-grant of 1862 to Tennessee, and its income is about $125,000.
Ten′nis, a game of obscure origin, but certainly as old as the 14th century, when it was played chiefly in France. At present the name is applied to lawn-tennis, a modern game that arose about 1875. It is played with rackets and balls on courts of asphalt, cinder, grass or gravel. The court is divided midway by a net three feet high at its cen-
