TILLMAN
1913
TIME
masses in South Carolina to the domination of the aristocratic elements in the party. Mr. Tillman advocated the formation of a Farmer's Alliance, of Clemson Agricultural College (at Calhoun's old home) for boys and of Winthrop Industrial College for girls, each of which is the largest school of the kind in the south. In 1890 and in 1892 the Farmer's Alliance elected him governor. He instituted the dispensary system of selling liquor under state control; and was the central figure in the constitutional convention (1895), which enacted South Carolina's educational qualification for suffrage. In 1895 and 1901 he was elected to the United States senate.
Tillman, Samuel Escue, American soldier and educator, astronomer and chemist, was born near Shelbyville, Tenn., Oct. 2, 1847, and graduated at West Point, entering the army first as an artilleryman and afterward was transferred to the corps of engineers. In 1870 he was appointed assistant-professor of chemistry, and ten years later became professor of chemistry, geology and mineralogy at West Point; was assistant-astronomer of the United States expedition to Tasmania to record the transit of yenus; and has acted on several survey commissions and explorations for the United States government. He is the author of a number of textbooks in his branch of science, notably a work on Descriptive General Chemistry, and elementary treatises on mineralogy, on the principles of chemistry and lessons in heat.
Til'Iy, Johann Tserclaes, Count of, one of the greatest captains of the 17th century, was born in 1559 in Brabant. A pupil of the Jesuits and an officer under the duke of Alva, he developed into a soldier of great sternness. After fighting against the Turks, he was made commander of the Holy Roman Empire's army on the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War (q. v.), and with Maximilian of Bavaria gained the important battle of Prague. During the course of this war his masterly tactics separated the armies of Mansfeld and the Markgraf of Baden, beat the latter at Wimpfen, and drove Christian of Brunswick from the Palatinate, defeating him at Hocht in 1622 and again next year, in a desperate three days' battle at Stadt-lohn. Now made a count of the empire, he defeated the king of Denmark at Lutter and, with Wallenstein, forced him to sign the treaty of Lubeck in 1620. Two years later he succeeded Wallenstein as com-mander-in-chief of the imperial troops, took Magdeburg by storm, and allowed his Croats and Walloons to pillage and massacre at pleasure. A few months later he met his match in Gustavus Adolphus, who defeated him at Bieitenfeld and next spring forced him to retreat behind Lech River in Bavaria, crossing it himself in the face of Tally's army. In this last battle Tilly was mor-
tally wounded and died on April 30, 1632. Tilly was temperate, despised luxury and wealth, and his able support of the Roman Catholic party in the war was not due in the slightest to self-interest, but wholly to his devotion to the church.
Til'sit, The Treaty of, was a celebrated pact made by Napoleon I of France, and Alexander I of Russia in 1807. The emperors met on a raft at the center of Niemen River on June 25th; and a treaty of peace was concluded on July 7th. France and Russia made a secret agreement by which Russia was to aggrandise herself at the expense of Sweden and Turkey; and France in the west of Europe. A passive partner to the treaty was the subjugated kingdom of Prussia, which was forced to close her ports to English vessels, pay an indemnity, reduce her army to a nominal footing, and leave her fortresses as security in the hands of the French. The dominions of Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia were reduced one half.
Timbuktu (t%m-bukftoo), a city on the southern edge of the Sahara, in central Africa, some nine miles from the Niger. It is about three miles around, and formerly was surrounded by a clay-wall. Timbuktu has a large caravan-trade, gold-dust being the most important export. The people are negroes, Tuaregs, Mandingoes, Arabs and Fulahs. The city was founded in the i2th century, but was first seen by a white man in 1826. Timbuktu now belongs to France, and a railroad is proposed to connect Algiers, Timbuktu and Senegambia. It already is connected by steamer with Koulikoro. Population 12,000, greatly increased during the trading-season from November to January. See NIGERIA and SENEGAL.
Tim'by, The'odore Rug'gles, inventor of the Monitor (q. v.) was born in Dover, New York, 1822, and from childhood was an inventor. He was the first to suggest the modern use of iron in warships. In 1841 he exhibited, and in 1843 patented, a model and plans of a revolving battery to be made of iron. In 1861 he entered into an agreement with the builders of the Monitor, of which Ericsson (q. v.) was the constructing engineer, for the use of his invention. It has been mistakenly credited to Ericsson, but Timby's claim was never officially disputed. It is he who revolutionized the building of modern warships.
Time, like space, is one of the conditions under which all things are perceived. Time may be defined as duration, but it is doubtful whether anything is thereby added to the idea which every one already has as to the nature of time. Our notion of time as a quantity is derived from the observance of some regularly recurring event, such, for instance, as the vibration of a pendulum. In such a case we say that the "amount of time" elapsing between two events is pro-
