sister, Elisa, grand-duchess of Tuscany. In 1860 it became a part of the kingdom of Italy. Population 2,694,453. See Tuscany by Mrs. Trollope.
Tus′caro′ras, a tribe of American Indians, one of the Six Nations of the Iroquois family, found in North Carolina at its settlement. After difficulties with the whites, in which many of the Indians were killed or taken prisoners, a part of the tribe fled to New York, where they settled on Lake Oneida, and still have a reservation in that state. In 1829 North Carolina bought the lands still held in that state by the Tuscaroras. The name means a shirt-wearer.
Tweed, the most famous river in Scotland, rises in Peebleshire, flows for about 20 miles northeast and then in an easterly direction, emptying into the North Sea at Berwick in England. It is 95 miles long, but navigable only a few miles from its mouth. It owes its fame to beautiful scenery and historical associations. Crossing the heart of the Borders between England and Scotland, it has been the scene of many a deadly struggle, and its name is frequent in ballad and story.
Tweed, William Marcy, an American politician, was born at New York, April 3, 1823. He held the different offices of alderman, congressman, supervisor of the city of New York, school and street commissioner and state senator. While commissioner of public works in 1870, he and his followers, constituting the famous Tweed Ring, used large amounts of public funds for their own purposes. After several trials Tweed was convicted of fraud and sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and the payment of $12,550 as a fine. He was confined at Blackwell's Island, but his imprisonment was declared illegal by the court of appeals. Several other suits had been brought against him, and he was again imprisoned for want of the $3,000,000 of bail required. He escaped to Spain, but was recaptured, and died in jail in New York City on April 12, 1878.
Twee′die, Hon. L. J., was born at Chatham, New Brunswick, in 1849. Called to the bar in 1871 and elected to the legislature in 1874, he was surveyor-general in 1890, and became provincial secretary in the Mitchell administration and in the Emerson government. He became premier and provincial secretary in 1900, and was appointed lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick in 1907.
Twickenham (twĭk′en-am), a village in Middlesex, England, on the Thames opposite Richmond. It is known as the residence of Pope, whose grotto is still to be seen and whose monument is in the parish church. Strawberry Hill, famous as the home of Walpole, is near by, and the Orleans house, used by Louis Philippe while in England and still belonging to his family, is in the town. Population 20,991.
Twi′light is the faint light before sunrise and after sunset, which is produced by the reflection by the atmosphere of the sun's rays when it is still below the horizon. If we had no atmosphere, we should have no light until the exact moment when the sun would rise and no light after the sun had set. The sun must be approximately 18° below the horizon at any place before the twilight will entirely cease; so in the polar region where the sun is nearer the horizon than 18° there will be twilight all night, or rather there will be no complete night. Just what there is in the earth's atmosphere that reflects the sunlight is yet unknown. It may be dust-particles; it may be minute crystals of ice; it may be pure air itself.
Twi′ner, a plant which climbs by coiling its body in an ascending spiral about a support, as the morning-glory or the hop-vine. In their younger parts twiners are sensitive to contact, so that when they touch a support they curve sharply about it. The twining habit, like the climbing habit in general, is most extensively developed in the tropics. See Climbing-Plants.
Ty′ler, Tex., a town, the seat of Smith County, on the International and Great Northern and St. Louis Southwestern railways, about 100 miles east-southeast of Dallas. Its institutions include Tyler College, Texas College (for colored youth), a public library, a conservatory of music, the Federal court, postoffice, court of criminal-appeals buildings and a railroad hospital. It also has two public parks (Lakewood and Bellevue). Its trade consists in the shipment of live stock, cotton, hay and varied kinds of fruit and vegetables. It has cotton-gins, brick-kilns, a pottery, cottonseed-oil mills, a fruit-and-vegetable and a box-and-crate factory. The town was settled in 1846, incorporated the same year, and received its present charter in 1875. Population 10,400.
Tyler, John, tenth president of the United States, was born at Greenway, Charles City
JOHN TYLER
County, Va., March 29, 1790. He graduated at William and Mary College in 1807, studied law, and had a large practice soon after he was admitted to the bar. He was elected five times to the state legislature and three times to Congress. He sympathized with the states' rights party, and opposed the United States bank, protection and all limitations of slavery. In 1825 he was chosen governor of Virginia, and in 1827 he became United States senator and was again elected in 1833. From this time he acted with the Whig party,
