Page:LA2-NSRW-5-0029.jpg

his position in the university because of his liberal ideas. He was appointed professor of anatomy at Würzburg in 1849, and in 1856 he was called back to Berlin, put in charge of a medical institute, and given the chair of pathological anatomy in the university. The Prussian government sent him in 1848 to Silesia, to study the typhoid fever that was prevailing there; and the Bavarian government, in 1852, asked his aid in ascertaining the causes of a famine fever; while the king of Sweden begged him to investigate the leprosy that was prevalent in the western part of Norway. He was a member of the German Congress and for a long time an alderman of Berlin. He distinguished himself in a number of different fields of learning. He is recognized as the originator of cellular pathology, and, on account of the general bearing of his studies, as one of the founders of modern biology. After 1856 he was director of the Pathological Institute, Berlin. He published a large number of scientific papers, a handbook of Special Pathology, one on Cellular Pathology etc. On his seventieth birthday, Oct. 13, 1891, he was given a public reception, attended by thousands of his friends and former pupils. He died on Sept. 5, 1902. Vir′eo or Green′let, a class of birds somewhat like the shrikes. They are found in America, migrating usually in May from South America to the United States. They are very destructive to insects, and are sweet singers. The color usually is a shade of green, with white markings. They build their nests in trees and bushes, hanging them from twigs and making use of pieces of hornet-nests, flax and paper, which they glue together with the silk from the caterpillar or the saliva of birds. The nests are so strong that other birds and even mice will use them after they are deserted by their owners. The red-eyed vireo, the white-eyed vireo, the solitary vireo and the Whip-Tom-Kelly are varieties found in the United States. Virgin′ia is one of the thirteen original states of the Union. It is a rough triangle in shape, with its broad base resting on North Carolina and Tennessee, running along Kentucky and West Virginia on its western side, and having Maryland and the Atlantic Ocean on the eastern side. Its longest line from east to west is 476 miles and from north to south 192 miles; the whole area being 40,125 square miles. Surface. It has a hilly region and a region of lowlands, as the southeastern part is a broad, undulating plain, nowhere rising more than 800 feet, while the northwestern part has parallel mountain ranges, reaching 5,700 feet in their highest points, with valleys between. The region next the Atlantic on Chesapeake Bay, called Tidewater Virginia, is divided into five great peninsulas, with hundreds of smaller ones,

giving a coast of nearly 2,000 miles. This region, going inland 100 miles, only rises from 12 to 100 feet above the sea. Midland Virginia and Piedmont are two of the six steps by which Virginia rises gradually from the seashore to the Appalachian Mountains and reaches to the fourth rise, the Blue Ridge country, which is diversified by the two portions of the range and the fine tablelands, at heights varying from 916 to 5,700 feet. The valley of Virginia, the next step, 300 miles long, is a part of the great Appalachian valley stretching from Canada to Alabama, and lies between the Blue Ridge and the Kittatinny or North Mountains. With its broad valleys, its mountain chains and rivers it forms one of the finest regions in the United States. The Appalachian region has high mountains and deep, trough-like valleys, and forms the grazing and timber region of the state, while beyond lies the Virginian portion of the tableland stretching westward from the Alleghanies, which is the coal-region. The highest peak in Virginia is Mt. Balsam (5,700 feet) on the border of North Carolina. Drainage. The Potomac, Rappahannock, York and James, with their tributaries, flow into the Atlantic through Chesapeake Bay. The Great Kanawha flows into the Ohio, and other small rivers into the Tennessee. The climate is as varied as the country and its resources. The state is noted for its clear skies, pure air and freedom from great storms. Natural Resources. Virginia has great forests of balsam, pine and other trees, which are being rapidly exhausted. It also has valuable fisheries, especially of oysters, and the mineral wealth is considerable, but as yet not extensively developed. The output, however, is valuable. Among the varieties worked are marble, granite, sandstone, limestone, slate, coal, iron, talc, soapstone, titanium, gold, silver, lead, zinc and copper. There are some gold-mines in the belt which extends from Washington to Halifax Court House, 200 miles long and from 15 to 25 wide, and the manganese mines are the largest in the world. Salt is obtained from artesian wells, which reach a solid bed of salt. There are many mineral springs, some of which, notably the White Sulphur, have long been popular as summer resorts. The Natural Bridge, with a span of 80 feet, 215 feet high and 100 feet wide, is one of the remarkable natural arches of the world. The caverns of Luray, Weyer's cave and Madison cave, the Crabtree falls, descending 2,000 feet, and the Dismal swamp, covering 150,000 acres, are among the scenic features. Manufactures. The manufactures include extensive iron and steel works, flour-milling, lumber and its products, paper and pulp, glass, trunks, leather-goods, railroad-cars, foundry and machine-shop