THE STUDENT'S MANUAL
a. How plants obtain food:
" (1) Absorption: by which materials are taken into the plant body 5.
(2) Aeration: means for taking in and expel-
ling air and dioxid 18.
(3) Respiration: by which energy is set free
in the plant 1602.
(a) Ascent of water
through vascular system 2051.
(b) Transpiration o r
of water by evaporation 1936.
(c) Turgor or pressure
of water within the cells 1954.
(1) Metabolism: all the chemical processes of
the living organism 1210.
(2) Digestion: changing insoluble foods to so-
luble or soluble to simpler forms 532.
(a) Enzymes: or soluble ferments 620.
(b) Fermentation: decomposition of sub-
stances by living plants 656.
(3) Secretion: substances separated from the
protoplasm 123.
(4) Assimilation: changing foods into proto-
plasm 123.
(5) Foods: materials used in formation and
repair of plant-body 690; carbohydrates 332; proteids 1553.
(6) Photosynthesis: the process of making
sugar and starch food 1479; chloro-plast 393; chlorophyll 393. c. How plants grow:
(1) Growth: alteration of form, increase in size 808. 2. REPRODUCTION: making new plants 1601.
( (1) Gemmae: mass of cells producing a new body 742.
(2) Runner: a branch which takes root at the
tip 1643.
(3) Rootstock: underground stem sending up
shoots 1633; tuber 1943.
(4) Grafting: propagation by a budbearing por-
tion of plant 789. b. Reproduction by means of spores: 1803.
(1) Pollination: transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma 1518.
(2) Conjugation: union of sexual cells which are alike in appear-
ance 443.
(3) Fertilization: union of unlike cells, sperms and eggs 657.
(4) Germination: ( 1. Formation of new plants by spores.
760. \ 2. Formation of plant from seed.
IV. ECOLOGY.
General Reference: the relation of plants to their environment 580.
1. MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS: 1273.
a. Motor organ: portion of leaf stalk sensitive to a stimulus 1271.
b. Irritability: a condition
of protoplasm in which it undergoes a change 943; sensitive plants 1734.
(4) Water transfer:
b. How plants utilize their food:
a. Vegetative propagation:
1552.
(1) The stimulus: a change in the surround-
ings.
(2) The reaction: the consequent change in
the protoplasm.
(3) The death of plants: a loss of irritibility.
2272
